Vojnotehnički glasnik / Military Technical Courier
The Military Technical Courier is a multidisciplinary scientific journal of the Ministry of Defence and the Serbian Armed Forces. The publisher of the journal is the University of Defence in Belgrade. The journal publishes scientific and professional papers covering fundamental research (mathematics, computer science and mechanics) and technological development (electronics, telecommunications, information technologies, mechanical engineering, material science and chemical technologies) as well as technical data on modern weapon systems and military technologies.
Proposed Creative Commons Copyright Notices Proposed Policy for Military Technical Courier (Journals That Offer Open Access) Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms: Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
Call for papers and instructions for authors for the issue 2-2026
Call for papers and instructions for authors
Experimental assessment of acoustic effects of cannon fire on crew
Introduction/purpose: The noise generated by artillery firing can have an extremely harmful effect on the people using it, namely the crew. The subject of this paper is the measurement and analysis of noise levels on artillery weapons used in the Serbian Army. Methods: The analysis and comparison of the results were carried out during operation of weapons of different calibers. Also, the aspect of impact and risk on the crew exposed to the mentioned physical phenomena was considered. Results: The results of the examination of the acoustic parameters in relation to the available criteria show that the crew on certain vehicles is exposed to a higher level of noise than allowed. Conclusion: It is concluded that all measured noise levels exceed the prescribed limit value. Based on the obtained results, further work can be done on reducing negative physical phenomena, as well as providing adequate equipment for the protection of the crew.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dragan R. Stojadinović
Applications of the expanded Darbo's fixed point theorem to fractional differential equations with finite delay
Introduction/purpose: The aim of this paper is to study the existence of mild solutions to the initial value problem (IVP for short) of the Darboux problem for partial hyperbolic fractional differential equations via the Caputo derivative with finite delay in Fréchet spaces. Methods: In our analysis, Darbo’s fixed point theorem is employed together with the notion of measure of noncompactness to establish the existence of solutions by reducing the research to proving the existence and uniqueness of fixed points of appropriate operators. Results: Under suitable conditions, existence of mild solutions to the considered fractional partial hyperbolic differential equations is proved. An illustrative example demonstrates the theoretical results applicability. Conclusion: Throughout this paper, sufficient conditions were considered to establish the existence and uniqueness of solutions to the Darboux problem by applying Darbo’s fixed point theorem on unbounded interval. The study provides a rigorous methodological framework for analyzing similar classes of problems and contributes to the broader understanding of mild solutions in fractional calculus and functional analysis. The results offer potential applications for researchers investigating fractional differential equations in infinite-dimensional spaces.
Natural convection and entropy generation inside porous square cavity with undulated vertical walls under four heating scenarios
Introduction/purpose: This work studies natural convection within a porous cavity with undulated vertical walls focusing on investigating the effects of various heating scenarios. The model consists of a square cavity with sinusoidal undulations on its vertical walls. The cavity is characterized by a square cross-section, and the undulations are described by a sinusoidal wave function with a specific amplitude and wavelength. The left vertical wall of the cavity is maintained at a constant cold temperature, while the bottom wall is subjected to various heating profiles, including linear heating, constant heating, parabolic heating, and sinusoidal heating. The choice of these different heating scenarios is intended to explore how the heat transfer behavior changes under each condition. The top and right walls are assumed to be adiabatic. Methods: The effects of heating methods and Darcy number on fluid flow and heat transfer in the cavity under a high Rayleigh number are numerically analyzed. Results: Results show that all heating profiles create distinct thermal gradients, influencing the vortex strength and flow complexity. The study also investigates the irreversibilities within the system, focusing on entropy generation due to both heat transfer and fluid friction, to evaluate the thermodynamic efficiency of the cavity. Conclusion: The study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how heating conditions, permeability variations and high Rayleigh number convection affect the thermal and fluid dynamics in porous cavities, with implications for improving the performance of thermal management systems in practical engineering applications.
Multi-attribute approach for enhancing maintenance processes in maintenance depots under a type-2 fuzzy environment
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Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 10]> <![endif]--> Introduction/purpose: The purpose of this research is to determine the priority of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) in a precise and structured manner. By applying the fuzzy multi-attribute decision-making model, operational management can identify and prioritize activities that will enhance maintenance process reliability in the shortest possible time while simultaneously reducing costs. Methods: The relative importance of sub-processes and KPI values is represented using predefined linguistic terms modelled by interval type-2 fuzzy numbers (IT2FNs). These assessments are formulated as a fuzzy group decision-making framework. The weight vector is determined using the fuzzy geometric mean, while the ranking of KPIs is obtained through the Taxonomy method combined with IT2FNs, which represents the main scientific contribution of this research. Results: Real-world data gathered from a maintenance depot were used to test the proposed model. The study effectively modelled uncertainty in KPI evaluations using seven predefined linguistic expressions mapped onto IT2FNs. A consistent weight vector was obtained using the fuzzy group decision-making approach. Effective KPI ranking was achieved through a combination of the Taxonomy method and IT2FNs, which helped pinpoint the most important areas for operational improvement. The method's ability to provide clear priorities to support reliability improvements while cutting costs was validated through its application. Conclusion: The key contributions of this study are: (i) fuzzy algebra rules with IT2FNs are used to determine the group utility value, and (ii) the integration of the Taxonomy method with IT2FNs for an improved decision-making procedure.
Copyright (c) 2026 Vladimir Milovanović, Aleksandar Aleksić, Snežana Nestić, Nikola Komatina, Vlada Sokolović, Marjan Milenkov
Experimental determination of surface emissivity for military equipment components and comparison with reference data
Introduction/purpose: The aim of this paper was to investigate the emissivity of materials relevant to the Serbian Armed Forces and to assess their role in infrared signature management and camouflage performance. Emissivity is a critical parameter influencing the thermal detectability of objects, as surfaces with higher emissivity emit more infrared radiation and thus become more visible to thermal imaging systems. Methods: In this study, emissivity values of textiles, wood, metals, and polymeric components were measured using a FLIR-based thermographic method. The applied approach proved to be fast and reliable, with results consistent with established reference data. Results: Differences between material classes were evident: textiles and polymers generally showed high emissivity, metals displayed lower values strongly affected by surface treatments, while wooden elements remained highly emissive and therefore more exposed to detection. These findings confirm that emissivity is highly dependent on material type, surface finish, and applied coatings. Conclusion: The results provide a comprehensive dataset for military-relevant materials and highlight the practical importance of emissivity characterization in the development of effective camouflage strategies. By integrating accurate emissivity data into infrared signature modeling, it becomes possible to optimize camouflage design and improve operational survivability by reducing the probability of detection on the battlefield.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lazar Lazarević, Nebojša Hristov, Damir Jerković, Darko Latinkić, Mihael Bučko
Improving silty sand performance with cement and fiber reinforcement: a study of mechanical behavior
Introduction/purpose: This study aims to valorize a local material from the western region of Algeria for potential use in road construction. The main objective is to investigate the effect of incorporating synthetic polypropylene fibers and natural Alfa plant fibers at varying contents (0%, 0.3%, 0.6%, and 0.9%), on the strength of a silty sand stabilized with 4% cement. Methods: An experimental program was conducted using unconfined compression tests and unconsolidated-undrained triaxial tests. These tests were performed on soil–fiber–cement mixtures compacted statically at the Standard Optimum Proctor (SOP) conditions (dmax= 17 kN/m3 and wopt =16.6%) and cured for 1, 7, and 28 days in open air. Results: The results revealed a significant improvement in the mechanical strength of the treated soil, with a change in the failure behavior from brittle to ductile. The addition of 0.3% fibers enhanced cohesion while reducing the internal friction angle. Furthermore, fiber-reinforced cemented samples exhibited greater stiffness compared to untreated soil. Moreover, the highest unconfined compressive strength was obtained with the combination of 0.9% fiber reinforcement and 4% cement. Conclusion: The reinforcement of cemented silty sand with polypropylene and Alfa fibers significantly improves its mechanical strength and stiffness. The addition of 0.9% fiber content yields the highest compressive strength while effectively transitioning the soil’s behavior from brittle to ductile. These findings confirm that valorizing local Algerian materials is a technically viable and sustainable solution for road infrastructure development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Esma Halimi, Amal souad Bourokba, moulay smaine ghembaza, Abderlkader Hachichi
Vibration of the weapon system on an unmanned ground vehicle during movement
Introduction/purpose: The article presents a mathematical model of the vibration of a weapon mount on a small unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) with a total weight of up to 70 kg, including the weapon. The design of these small vehicles is similar to that of larger combat vehicles: a mount is placed on a wheeled or tracked chassis, allowing the weapon to be elevated and azimuthally adjusted, and if it allows firing while moving, the angular position of the barrel is affected by chassis vibration and should be stabilized. The vibration of the chassis and parts of the weapon mount is not desirable, and the results of vibration simulation allow for the design of a solution that will eliminate it. Methods: A system of differential equations describing the vibrations of the weapon system and a system of equations describing the motion of the vehicle over terrain were created. Subsequently, the vibrations were simulated in Matlab-Simulink software. Further testing was carried out to measure the deviation of the camera axis from the center of the target. The results of the experiment were compared with the results of the simulation. Results: The research results indicate that the vibration of the weapon system on unmanned ground vehicles depends on many factors, such as the road surface profile, tire properties, suspension system, and overall dimensions, layout, and weight of components. The experimental results of camera stability measurements during target tracking correspond to the simulation results in Matlab-Simulink software. Conclusion: The system of mathematical differential equations of an unmanned ground vehicle, together with the road profile model, describes the factors affecting the vibration of the weapon system during vehicle movement. Mathematical models allow for parameter changes and thus enable simulation of changes in the angular position of the barrel for other input conditions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Viet Dung Bui, Martin Macko, Ba Ngoc Dang, Huu Nguyen Pham
Evaluation of the durability performance of roller-compacted concrete incorporating recycled pavement materials
Introduction/purpose: This research investigates the durability of roller-compacted concrete pavement (RCCP) incorporating reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) as a partial or full replacement for natural aggregates (NA). The primary objective is to assess the feasibility of using RAP in pavement concrete from both performance and sustainability perspectives. Methods: Concrete mixtures were prepared with four RAP substitution levels: 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. Durability tests were performed to evaluate the resistance of these mixes to acid and sulfate attacks. Additionally, microstructural analyses were conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to examine internal changes resulting from chemical exposure. Results: The incorporation of RAP improved durability against acid and sulfate attacks, particularly at substitution levels up to 50%. Beyond this threshold, a slight decline in performance was observed, though it remained within acceptable limits. SEM images revealed a denser matrix and stronger bonding between the cement paste and RAP aggregates. XRD analysis confirmed the presence of stable hydration products, even after exposure to aggressive solutions. Conclusion: The findings support the use of RAP as a viable and sustainable alternative to NA in RCCP. At optimal substitution levels, it enhances durability, contributes to environmental protection, reduces construction waste, and offers cost-effective solutions by utilizing recycled materials.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fadhila Ali Kouadri, Mohamed Salhi, Toufik Boubekeur, Amar Benyahia, Alex Li, Boussad Abbès
Design and analysis of an electro-mechanical impact sensor with an all-ways action mechanism and a Hall sensor
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</xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 10]> <![endif]--> Introduction/purpose: The paper proposes an electro-mechanical impact sensor for grenade detonation using an all-ways action mechanism with permanent magnets and a Hall sensor. After experimental validation, a mathematical model assesses how structural parameters, such as activation threshold, inertial mass, and Hall sensor placement, affect the fuze’s sensitivity. The study provides recommendations for optimal sensor design to ensure reliable activation at all impact angles. Methods: The study used a combined approach to address the problem. Dynamic equations of the all-ways action mechanism were solved using the Runge-Kutta method, the magnetic field was simulated with FEMM 4.2 software, and the Hall voltage variation over time was analyzed to assess the fuse’s sensitivity under grenade impact conditions. Results: The results show that an activation threshold below 80 mV ensures reliable operation at any impact angle with an impact velocity not greater than 2.5 m.s-1. The mass of the inertial object has a significant impact on the sensitivity, more than the mass of the magnet, and the location of the Hall sensor is critical, with some locations providing stable sensitivity and others resulting in poor performance. Conclusion: The hybrid method presented in this paper effectively studies the signal from an electro-mechanical impact sensor combining an all-ways action mechanism, permanent magnets, and a Hall sensor. The research results are useful contributions to the design of impact sensors in grenade fuzes.
Fuzzy algorithms applied to the comparative evaluation of crossroad designs
Introduction/purpose: Urban traffic crossroads represent highly complex nodes within transportation networks due to the convergence of multiple, often conflicting, traffic streams. Managing these competing flows poses significant challenges, leading to issues such as fluctuating delays and backflow, particularly at supersaturated intersections. Given that these crossroads frequently act as bottlenecks, accurate short-term traffic flow predictions are crucial for effective planning and congestion mitigation. This study aims to propose a robust, multi-criteria evaluation framework for crossroad design to support optimized urban planning and traffic management. Methods: To address the inherent complexities and uncertainties associated with evaluating such designs, this research employs the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP). This method is particularly suited for contexts in which expert judgments, often involving qualitative criteria such as landscape integration and local economic impact, lack absolute precision. Our approach integrates fuzzy logic to manage the subjective and imprecise nature of these evaluations, alongside quantitative factors such as cost and traffic saturation. Based on an extensive literature review and established disciplinary standards in traffic engineering and urban planning, we developed a comprehensive grid of 32 criteria and sub-criteria. These criteria cover key aspects such as road safety, service level, and traffic flow. Experts then assign weights to these criteria, which are processed through FAHP to produce a global performance indicator. This indicator allows the ranking and comparison of different alternative designs. Results: The application of this FAHP-based framework yields a global performance indicator that facilitates the objective ranking of alternative crossroad designs. The methodology provides a structured approach to balance multiple, often conflicting, criteria in complex decision environments. The practical relevance of this method is demonstrated through a case study of the Chettia junction, where it successfully identifies the optimal configuration among several proposed alternatives. This underscores FAHP's versatility in evaluating performance within intricate urban systems. Conclusion: This study successfully situates FAHP within a broader Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) framework, offering an original application to crossroad design. By integrating fuzzy logic, it effectively manages the uncertainty associated with both qualitative and quantitative evaluation criteria, proving particularly valuable when precise expert judgments are diffucult for experts to provide. The proposed framework provides a robust and multidimensional evaluation tool for urban planners and traffic engineers, enabling more informed and optimized infrastructure decisions for complex urban intersections.
Free vibration analysis of porous functionally graded plates using a novel shape function
Introduction/purpose: This study introduces a novel analytical framework to comprehensively investigate the natural vibration characteristics of porous functionally graded (FG) plates. The research aims to combine an innovative shape function methodology with a sophisticated porosity model within an advanced higher-order shear deformation theory (HSDT). Methods: Material properties follow power-law distributions across the thickness, with voids incorporated via a refined porosity formulation. The governing equations for simply supported plates are solved analytically using the Navier technique. A parametric study examines the effects of power-law index, geometric ratios, and porosity distribution. Results: Results show exceptional agreement with established theories, revealing significant relationships in which both the power-law index and porosity distribution critically influence natural frequencies. New insights are provided into their coupled effects on vibrational behavior. Conclusion: This work offers fundamental understanding for optimizing porous FG plate design in advanced engineering applications such as aerospace and structural systems, where weight reduction and vibration control are crucial. It delivers practical guidelines for engineering design and material selection.
Fatigue crack propagation modeling in 2D structures using the CPCN-FEM node-based approach
Introduction/purpose: The study aims to model fatigue-related crack propagation by introducing a numerical method, CPCN-FEM (Crack Propagation by Coordinates of Nodes – Finite Element Method), which predicts crack trajectories through the systematic generation of nodal coordinates around the crack front. Methods: The approach defines four principal nodes to control the propagation direction and computes the stress intensity factors (K I) and (KII), along with the crack inclination angle (β). The method was implemented in FORTRAN to automate node tracking, coordinate updating, and stepwise crack advance in a two-dimensional elastic isotropic model. Simulations were conducted and compared with analytical crack-path solutions, using the Richard criterion to determine crack orientation. Results: The numerical model reproduced expected crack trajectories with high agreement with analytical predictions and demonstrated stable displacement behavior across multiple propagation cases. Mesh integrity was preserved during all propagation steps, and no remeshing was required. Conclusion: The findings show that CPCN-FEM provides an accurate, efficient, and mesh-preserving technique for modeling crack growth under fatigue, offering reliable predictions of crack path evolution in fracture mechanics.
Copyright (c) 2026 Noureddine Mahmoudi, Mohammed Bentahar, Hachemi Nedir , Youcef Moulai Arbi
Comprehensive study of the effect of a structural parameter of hydraulic buffer on the firing stability of grenade launchers
Introduction/purpose: The article's main goal is to present a novel method for evaluating the stability of automatic weapons mounted on tripods when firing in series. Methods: The mathematical model is established based on the theory of many-body mechanics. The Lagrange II equation is used to establish the system of differential equations of motion of mechanical system. The mathematical model considers the influence of the ground elasticity and the impact of the gunner through elastic-damping connections. Dynamic simulations were performed on the AGS-17 grenade launcher. The calculated results were then compared with the experimental results to verify the proposed model. Results: The comparison results show an unexpected confidence level between the theoretical model and experimental results. The errors in muzzle velocity and firing rate are 2.52% and 6.18%, respectively. Based on the theoretical basis of the mathematical model, the influence of some structural parameters of the hydraulic buffer on the firing stability of the automatic grenade launcher was investigated. The research results provide a reliable theoretical basis to improve, design, and manufacture hydraulic buffers for grenade launchers in particular and automatic guns in general. Conclusion: The research results presented in this paper ensure high accuracy and reliability. This paper provides a reliable scientific document for the optimal design of the overall structure of the weapon system.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dung Nguyen Van, Vo Van Bien, Phu Nguyen Minh, Hung Dao Manh
Introduction/purpose: The goal of the research in this paper is to present and evaluate the method of modeling operations by aggregating forces by simulating the battle process with Lanchester's equations. This method is the software basis of a certain number of programs used in NATO, in war simulations, and in the planning and analysis of operations. Its value is in understanding the consequences of decisions made with outcomes and results of combat actions. Methods: The case study of the well-known Operation Desert Storm gathered the necessary data on operational parameters and the way forces are used in battles. The obtained data were transformed into operational variables of the combat model using the force aggregation method, whose simulation was carried out using the method of differential Lanchester's equations (quadratic law). Results: By simulating the modeled operation, the parameters of the outcome of the conflict were obtained with numerical indicators of success, consumption of resources, etc. The results were analyzed and a certain correlation with the parameters of the real operation was determined, which enables the validation of the model. Conclusion: The partial validity of the model describing the conflict on a practical historical example from a case study was confirmed. There are objective limitations in the application of modeling of military operations and optimization of the use of forces. The value of this method is the possibility of a reliable strategic assessment of the adversary's military power at the strategic level.
Copyright (c) 2023 Mladen S. Kostić, Aca D. Jovanović, Mitar V. Kovač
Publication ethics statement for the year 2026
The list of the reviewers of the Military Technical Courier in 20245
Call for papers and instructions for authors for the issue 1-2026
Battlesight zero in context of counter UAV engagement
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UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Body Text First Indent"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Note Heading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Body Text 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Body Text 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Body Text Indent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Body Text Indent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Block Text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Hyperlink"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="FollowedHyperlink"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Document Map"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Plain Text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="E-mail Signature"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Top of Form"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Normal (Web)"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Acronym"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Address"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Cite"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Code"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Definition"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Keyboard"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Preformatted"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Sample"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Typewriter"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Variable"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Normal Table"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="annotation subject"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="No List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Outline List 1"/> <w:LsdException 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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 7"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 8"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 7"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 8"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table 3D effects 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table 3D effects 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table 3D effects 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Contemporary"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Elegant"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Professional"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Subtle 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Subtle 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Web 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Web 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Web 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Balloon Text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" Name="Table Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Theme"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium 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Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" 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Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 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Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/> 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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Mention"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Smart Hyperlink"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Hashtag"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Unresolved Mention"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Smart Link"/> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 10]> <![endif]--> Introduction/purpose: This paper explores the optimal zeroing distance for an assault rifle on the modern battlefield. Traditionally, armies have used sight settings that align the projectile’s trajectory with the line of sight at distances of 25 m and 300 m. This configuration is well suited for assault rifles chambered in 7 mm to 8 mm calibers when fired from the prone position at an approaching figure target. However, with the increasing use of smaller-caliber ammunition (5 mm to 6 mm) and evolving battlefield threats, including drones, it is necessary to reassess this traditional approach. This study investigates the optimal first zeroing distance when engaging both drone-type targets and standard NATO Type E figure targets. All tests and configurations were conducted using the BREN 2 assault rifle used by the Czech Army. Methods: This study uses probability-of-hit simulation methods. The parameters of the BREN 2 weapon under investigation were experimentally verified. Results: The probability of hitting a point target depends significantly on the setting of the sight zeroing distance. The greater the deviation of the projectile trajectory from the line of sight, the lower the probability of hitting the target without distance adjustment. Conclusion: The findings suggest that for engaging small, irregular targets such as UAVs, zeroing distances between 50 m and 100 m are more effective, without compromising combat effectiveness against standard figure targets.
Cryptography using Laplace transform for the Serbian language
Introduction/purpose: In this paper authors develop a new mathematical method for cryptography. The procedure was performed for messages written in the Serbian language, which consists of 30 phonemes. Methods: The standard expansion of the inverse trigonometric function in a Taylor series was used. The Laplace transform was applied to encrypt the plaintext, while the corresponding inverse Laplace transform was used for decryption. Results: A new cryptographic algorithm has been written to encrypt and decrypt a text message written in Serbian letters. Conclusion: In the paper the authors presented a new algorithm in which the Laplace transform was used for the encryption and description of a message. The message is written in Serbian in Cyrillic letters.
A new iteration scheme for approximating fixed points of some generalized nonexpansive mappings
Introduction/purpose: A new three-step iteration process, which converges faster than the Mann iteration and the S-iteration, is introduced, as well as some convergence results for approximation of fixed points of the Suzuki generalized nonexpansive mappings and nearly asymptotically nonexpansive mappings have been established. Methods: The authors provide a specific three-step iterative method {xn} in a Banach space, defined as a sequence of convex combinations of the current iterate and its images under the mapping T, with control sequences {αn}, {βn}, {γn} ⊆ (0, 1). The results are proved in the setting of uniformly convex Banach spaces, where T is assumed to be either a Suzuki generalized nonexpansive mapping or a nearly asymptotically nonexpansive mapping. The authors obtain both weak and strong convergence theorems by using demiclosedness principles, Suzuki generalized nonexpansive mapping properties, and suitable lemmas on the behavior of the iterates. To compare the rates of convergence, they perform numerical experiments (usually implemented in MATLAB) where the proposed three-step iteration is run in parallel with the Thakur and S-iterations. The iterates are graphed to display the error convergence per iteration. Results: The new iteration scheme converges faster than the S-iteration scheme if the mapping is a contraction. The new iteration scheme converges to a fixed point of a Suzuki generalized nonexpansive mapping under suitable conditions. The new iteration scheme converges to a fixed point of a nearly asymptotically nonexpansive mapping under suitable conditions. Conclusions: The three-step iteration algorithm is proved, both theoretically and numerically, to converge faster than the Mann iteration and the S iteration (and sometimes faster than several other existing methods) for the considered types of mappings. The authors prove weak and strong convergence theorems for fixed points of the Suzuki generalized nonexpansive mappings and nearly asymptotically nonexpansive mappings in uniformly convex Banach spaces, thus generalizing, extending, and unifying several existing fixed-point approximation results in the literature.
Copyright (c) 2025 Penumarthy Parvateesam MURTHY
Organic geochemical assessment of black shales: case study of Oued Soura, Tamtret region, Algeria
Introduction/purpose: Black shales are increasingly recognized as signif- icant unconventional hydrocarbon sources due to their organic richness and potential for oil and gas generation. However, their complex geo- chemical nature, especially in underexplored regions such as Tamtert in southwestern Algeria, poses challenges to accurate evaluation. This study aims to assess the hydrocarbon potential of black shales from the Djebel-Zereg area using advanced organic geochemical methods. Methods: Five black shale samples were collected from Djebel-Zereg, Tamtert region. Total Organic Carbon (TOC) content was determined, and Rock-Eval 6 pyrolysis and elemental analysis were conducted. Pa- rameters measured included TOC, S1, S2, Tmax, Hydrogen Index (HI), Oxygen Index (OI), and vitrinite reflectance (Ro), providing data on or- ganic matter type, thermal maturity, and hydrocarbon generative capac- ity. Results: TOC values ranged from 0.51 to 2 wt.% with an average of 1.33 wt.%, indicating acceptable to very good source rock quality. S2 values ranged from 0.45 to 4 mg HC/g rock, and the average Production Index (PI) was 2.23. HI values (51–233 mg HC/g TOC), along with OI and Tmax, indicated the presence of type II and III kerogen, suggesting potential for both oil and gas generation. Tmax values (435–465°C, av- erage 447°C) and vitrinite reflectance (0.68%–1.19%) confirmed thermal maturity. A positive correlation between TOC and S1 values supported the presence of indigenous hydrocarbons. Conclusion: The integrated geochemical approach confirms that the Djebel-Zereg black shales are thermally mature, organic-rich rocks with promising oil shale potential. These findings support further explo- ration and development of unconventional hydrocarbon resources in the Tamtert region.
A finite element-based optimization of composite wrap repair for welded pipelines with Surface Cracks: influence of geometry, adhesive properties, and internal pressure on mode I fracture behavior
Introduction/purpose: The structural integrity of pressurized pipelines is often threatened by surface cracks, especially in welded regions. This study evaluates the effectiveness of composite wrap reinforcement in repairing longitudinal semi-elliptical cracks in welded steel pipelines subjected to internal pressure. Although environmental effects such as temperature, moisture, and chemical exposure were not modeled, they are acknowledged as key factors influencing the long-term durability of composite repairs. Methods: A three-dimensional finite element model was developed for a welded pipeline (outer diameter = 1016 mm, thickness = 12.8 mm) containing an external semi-elliptical crack (2c = 10.24 mm, a = 2.56 mm). The Virtual Crack Closure Technique (VCCT) was applied to compute Mode I Stress Intensity Factors (SIFs) under internal pressures of 2–12 MPa. A parametric study assessed the influence of patch length (100–400 mm), thickness (6–12 mm), and circumferential coverage angle (30°–360°), as well as adhesive shear modulus, thickness, and debonding effects. Results: Increasing patch length, thickness, and coverage angle reduced SIFs, improving crack-tip stress attenuation. A higher adhesive shear modulus enhanced interfacial load transfer, while excessive adhesive thickness impaired efficiency. Localized adhesive debonding significantly increased SIFs under pressure, highlighting the sensitivity of repair performance to bonding quality. Conclusions: This study provides design insights for optimizing composite reinforcement in welded pipeline repairs. Although a rectangular patch was analyzed, future work should investigate alternative geometries to mitigate edge stress concentrations and incorporate fatigue and environmental effects to better predict long-term service performance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hachemi Nedir, Noureddine mahmoudi, foudil khelil, Abed Bouadi, Youcef Moulai Arbi
Laser obscuration and infrared emission characteristics of red phosphorus and mg-al based smoke composition
Introduction/purpose: The capability for laser attenuation and infrared (IR) radiation emission is one of the most essential characteristics determining the camouflage effectiveness of multispectral smoke screens on the battlefield. In this study, the effects of red phosphorus and Mg-Al content, the initial mass of the smoke composition, and the relative humidity on the obscuration characteristics of smoke cloud, including the degree of laser attenuation, the mass extinction coefficient, the Yield factor, and the Figure of Merit, were examined. Additionally, the IR emission properties of smoke screens based on RP/Mg-Al were also evaluated. Methods: Laser radiation attenuation was evaluated by comparing the initial laser power to the power measured after passing through the smoke screen. A 1.064 µm, 11.0 mW continuous-wave laser was transmitted through the test chamber and measured with a power meter. The infrared properties of the smoke clouds were analyzed using an SR-5000N spectral radiometer within the 2.5 – 14.0 µm range. Results: The results indicate that increasing the content of red phosphorus, sample masses, and relative humidity enhances the laser obscuration characteristics. Notably, for a 1 m3 smoke chamber, the estimated optimal sample masses are 3.25 g and 2.30 g at 65% and 90% relative humidity, respectively. Furthermore, increasing Mg-Al content enhances IR emission in the β band (3-5 μm), while emission in the γ band (8-14 μm) decreased. Conclusion: The laser obscuration characteristics of RP/Mg-Al-based smoke compositions can be effectively controlled by optimizing the RP/Mg-Al content and relative humidity levels. Moreover, the RP/Mg-Al-based compositions demonstrate strong IR radiation characteristics, which are also influenced by the content of RP and Mg-Al. Future research should focus on evaluating the obscuration characteristics of RP/Mg-Al-based compositions in the near- and far-IR regions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dinh Thang Pham, Duc Nhan Phan, Trung Toan Nguyen
Application of the FMECA method for identifying failures in wind turbine systems
This paper presents the potential causes of component failures in wind turbine systems that affect their reliable and efficient operation. Component failures in wind turbines can lead to complete system failure, resulting in downtime, reduced reliability, and increased costs. To fully utilize wind energy, minimizing the risk of component failures is essential. By applying the FMECA method (Failure Mode Effects and Criticality Analysis – FMECA), critical components of wind turbine systems have been identified, providing the opportunity to prioritize problem-solving. The results emphasize the importance of maintenance and design optimization to reduce the risk of failures and maximize the utilization of wind energy. Introduction/purpose: The reliability of wind turbine systems plays a crucial role in ensuring a stable and efficient electricity supply from renewable sources. The failure of any component can lead to system downtime, reduced reliability, and increased operational costs. In this context, it is essential to identify and analyze potential failures in order to improve overall system reliability. The aim of this paper is to analyze the reliability of a wind turbine system using the FMECA method. The focus is on identifying the most critical components and understanding the causes and consequences of their failures, thereby contributing to the improvement of system design, maintenance, and operation. Methods: This paper applies the FMECA (Failure Modes, Effects, and Criticality Analysis) method, which enables a detailed assessment of potential system failures, their causes and effects, and the identification of the most critical system points based on quantitative parameters. The methodology includes the following steps: · Identification of key components of the wind turbine, including the rotor, gearbox, generator, control system, and other subsystems. · Definition of possible failure modes for each component, with corresponding mechanisms that may lead to failure (e.g., wear, overheating, mechanical damage, etc.). · Evaluation of the consequences of failures, both on the specific component and on the overall operation of the wind turbine. · Quantitative risk assessment through the assignment of values for: o the probability of potential failure occurrence (R1), o the severity of the potential failure (R2), and o the probability of detecting the failure and preventing its manifestation (R3). · Calculation of the criticality level (R) using the expression: <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>R</m:r><m:r>=</m:r><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>R</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>1</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub><m:r>∙</m:r><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>R</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>2</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub><m:r>∙</m:r><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>R</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>3</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub></m:oMath><![endif]--> · Ranking of components based on R values to identify those that pose the greatest threat to system reliability and require prioritized monitoring or optimization. Results: The results of the FMECA analysis indicate that the most critical components of the wind turbine system are: 1. Gearbox – the highest criticality level (R value), as gearbox failure can lead to complete system shutdown and costly repairs. 2. Generator – high severity of failure and moderate likelihood of failure detection. 3. Wind turbine control system – although failures are less frequent, the consequences can be severe due to the loss of control over the turbine. Based on the analysis, components have been classified according to maintenance and monitoring priorities to enable timely detection of potential failures and prevent major breakdowns. Conclusion: The FMECA method has proven to be an effective tool for identifying and ranking potentially critical components of wind turbine systems. The results indicate that the gearbox, generator, and control system are the most sensitive points in the system. Their preventive maintenance, along with the implementation of condition monitoring systems and design improvements, can significantly enhance reliability and reduce operational costs. This analysis can serve as a foundation for improving maintenance strategies and increasing the operational efficiency of wind farms.
Some considerations on thermodynamics of quantum mechanics on a circle and Kałuża–Klein models
Introduction/purpose: Quantum mechanics on a circle has been investigated and applied to a Kałuża–Klein model with a compactified dimension. Methods: Methods of quantum mechanics and statistical mechanics were employed. Additionally, a Kałuża–Klein toy model with compactified dimension was considered. Results: The resulting partition function can be evaluated in a closed form, giving a special function. It presents a phase transition depending on the geometry. When used in a Kałuża–Klein model, it showed a phase transition regulated by the radius of the circle, and the transition disappears when the radius is infinite, that is in the flat space. Conclusion: Quantum mechanics on a circle exhibits many peculiar characteristics. Energy levels are discrete because of the geometry, in contrast to the configuration space of the real line. It presents a phase transition depending on the circle radius, also when embedded in a Kałuża–Klein model. This characteristic disappears when the radius becomes infinite, in the flat space.