Kako citirati
Sažetak
Ovaj rad istražuje kompleksan odnos između Kine (Narodne Republike Kine), Tajvana (Republike Kine) i Međunarodnog olimpijskog komiteta (MOK) u periodu od 1949. do 1984. godine. Analizom istorijskih izvora, diplomatskih dokumenata i relevantne naučne literature, rad pokazuje kako je sport, posebno olimpijski pokret, postao ključno polje borbe za međunarodni legitimitet i nacionalni identitet. Pitanje „dvije Kine” nije bilo samo diplomatski problem; ono se pretvorilo u primarni izazov za olimpijski princip univerzalnosti i apolitičnosti sporta. Rad pokazuje kako je sport – posebno olimpijski pokret, od kraja 19. vijeka bio jedan od važnih instrumenata kineske modernizacije, izgradnje nacije i diplomatske borbe za međunarodni legitimitet. Analiziraju se istorijski korijeni kineskog odnosa prema sportu, debi na Olimpijskim igrama 1932. godine u Los Anđelesu. Počev od Olimpijskih igara u Helsinkiju 1952. godine, kada je nastao spor poznat kao pitanje „dvije Kine”, hronološki se prati kriza vezana za odnose između NR Kine i Tajvana u okvirima međunarodnog olimpijskog pokreta, u kontekstu obostrane borbe za legitimnost, međunarodno priznanje, odnosno denuncijaciju oponentske strane. Na osnovu zapisnika sa sesija MOK-a rekonstruisaće se nastanak Rimske formule iz 1960. godine, montrealske krize 1976. godine, te nagodbe iz Nagoje, 1979‒1981. godine. Posebno poglavlje posvećeno je „ping-pong” diplomatiji.
Ključne reči
Tajvan
Međunarodni olimpijski komitet
pitanje „dvije Kine“
sportska diplomatija
međunarodni legitimitet
Reference
Brundage, A. (1959). China–Chinese question NOC protest letters, January 17–June 7, 1959 (Box 120) [Correspondence]. Avery Brundage Collection, 1908–1975, University Archives, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign.
International Olympic Committee Historical Archives. (1952a). Minutes of the 46th Session, Oslo, 12–13 February 1952 [Minutes].
International Olympic Committee Historical Archives. (1952b). Minutes of the 47th Session, Helsinki, 16–27 July 1952 [Minutes].
International Olympic Committee Historical Archives. (1954). Minutes of the 50th Session, Athens, 11–15 May 1954 [Minutes].
International Olympic Committee Historical Archives. (1955). Minutes of the 51st Session, Paris, 13–17 June 1955 [Minutes].
International Olympic Committee Historical Archives. (1956a). Executive Board minutes, Lausanne, 3–4 October 1956 [Minutes].
International Olympic Committee Historical Archives. (1956b). Executive Board minutes, Melbourne, November 1956 [Minutes].
International Olympic Committee Historical Archives. (1959). Minutes of the 55th Session, Munich, 25 May 1959 [Minutes].
International Olympic Committee Historical Archives. (1960a). Minutes of the 57th Session, San Francisco, 15–16 February 1960 [Minutes].
International Olympic Committee Historical Archives. (1960b). Executive Board minutes, Rome, 19 August 1960 [Minutes].
International Olympic Committee Historical Archives. (1964). Minutes of the 62nd Session, Innsbruck, 26–28 January 1964 [Minutes].
International Olympic Committee Historical Archives. (1973). Minutes of the 74th Session, Varna, 5–7 October 1973 [Minutes].
International Olympic Committee Historical Archives. (1975a). Executive Committee minutes, Rome and Lausanne, May 1975 [Minutes].
International Olympic Committee Historical Archives. (1975b). Minutes of the 76th Session, Lausanne, 21–23 May 1975 [Minutes].
International Olympic Committee Historical Archives. (1976). Minutes of the 78th Session, Montreal, 13–19 July 1976 [Minutes].
International Olympic Committee Historical Archives. (1978). Minutes of the 80th Session, Athens, 17–20 May 1978 [Minutes].
International Olympic Committee Historical Archives. (1979a). Executive Board minutes, Lausanne, 9–10 March 1979 [Minutes].
International Olympic Committee Historical Archives. (1979b). Minutes of the 81st Session, Montevideo, 5–7 April 1979 [Minutes].
International Olympic Committee Historical Archives. (1979c). Executive Board minutes, Montevideo, April 1979 [Minutes].
International Olympic Committee Historical Archives. (1979d). Executive Board minutes, Nagoya, October 1979 [Minutes].
An, Y., Wang, X., & Xiang, F. (2021). The evolution of China’s sporting diplomacy since 1949: The history, experience and promotion strategies. Collegium Antropologicum, 45(3), 271–283. https://doi.org/10.5671/ca.45.3.11
Beštić-Bronza, S. (2026). Olimpijske igre u Melburnu 1956. godine: Proksi arena Hladnog rata. SINEZA, 7(1), 123–146. https://doi.org/10.63356/sin.2026.009
Blutstein, H. (2022). Cold War games: Spies, subterfuge and secret operations at the 1956 Olympic Games. Echo.
Boykoff, J. (2016). Power games: A political history of the Olympics. Verso.
Brownell, S. (2007). “Sport and politics don’t mix”: China’s relationship with the IOC during the Cold War. In S. Wagg & D. L. Andrews (Eds.), East plays west: Sport and the Cold War (pp. 261–278). Routledge.
Calvocoressi, P. (2003). Svjetska politika nakon 1945. Globus.
Chan, G. (1985). The “two-Chinas” problem and the Olympic formula. Pacific Affairs, 58(3), 473–490.
Diodato, E., & Strina, V. (2023). Olympic diplomacy as contestation: The legacy of the Beijing Olympics. The International Spectator, 58(2), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/03932729.2023.2204023
Eckstein, R. (1993). Ping pong diplomacy: A view from behind the scenes. The Journal of American–East Asian Relations, 2(3), 327–342.
Fairbank, J. K., & Goldman, M. (2006). China: A new history (2nd ed.). Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Fan, H., & Lu, Z. (2014). The professionalisation and commercialisation of Chinese sport: The path from an anti-capitalism state-led sport system to a socialist market economy. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 31(4), 398–417.
Grasso, J., Corrin, J., & Kort, M. (2018). Modernization and revolution in China: From the Opium Wars to the Olympics (5th ed.). Routledge.
Grix, J., & James, M. (2024). The politicisation of sport and the principle of political neutrality: A contradiction in terms? The International Sports Law Journal, 24(1), 68–77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40318-024-00273-w
Hai, R. (2010). China and the Olympic Movement [Lecture]. Centre d’Estudis Olímpics, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. http://ceo.uab.cat/pdf/ren_eng.pdf
Hill, C. R. (1992). Olympic politics. Manchester University Press.
Hobsbawm, E. J. (1996). Nacije i nacionalizam od 1780: Program, mit, stvarnost. Filip Višnjić.
Horne, J., & Whannel, G. (2020). Understanding the Olympics (3rd ed.). Routledge.
Killanin, Lord. (1983). My Olympic years. Secker & Warburg.
Kissinger, H. (2011). On China. The Penguin Press.
Macintosh, D., Hawes, M. K., Greenhorn, D. R., & Black, D. R. (1994). Sport and Canadian diplomacy. McGill–Queen’s University Press.
Morris, A. D. (2004). Marrow of the nation: A history of sport and physical culture in Republican China. University of California Press.
Murray, S. (2018). Sports diplomacy: Origins, theory and practice. Routledge.
Nye, J. S., Jr. (2004). Soft power: The means to success in world politics. PublicAffairs.
Riordan, J. (1991). Sport, politics and communism. Manchester University Press.
Shuman, A. (2018). Friendship is solidarity: The Chinese ping-pong team visits Africa in 1962. In S. J. F. Rofe (Ed.), Sport and diplomacy: Games within games (pp. 110–129). Manchester University Press.
Vaughan, R. (2018). “Chinese rings”: The United States, the two Chinas and the 1960 Squaw Valley Winter Olympics. In S. J. F. Rofe (Ed.), Sport and diplomacy: Games within games (pp. 185–202). Manchester University Press.
Wang, G. (2003). “Friendship first”: China’s sports diplomacy during the Cold War. The Journal of American–East Asian Relations, 12(3–4), 133–153.
Xu, G. (2008a). China’s national representation and the two-China question in the Olympic Movement: The significance of the 1952 Helsinki Games. China Perspectives, 2008(1), 19–28. https://doi.org/10.4000/chinaperspectives.3253
Xu, G. (2008b). Olympic dreams: China and sports, 1895–2008. Harvard University Press.
Yu, J. (2008). China’s foreign policy in sport: The primacy of national security and territorial integrity concerning the Taiwan question. The China Quarterly, 194, 294–308.
Autori koji objavljuju u ovom časopisu pristaju na sljedeće uslove:
- Autori zadržavaju autorska prava i pružaju časopisu pravo prvog objavljivanja rada i licenciraju ga "Creative Commons Attribution licencom" koja omogućava drugima da dijele rad, uz uslov navođenja autorstva i izvornog objavljivanja u ovom časopisu.
- Autori mogu izraditi zasebne, ugovorne aranžmane za neekskluzivnu distribuciju članka objavljenog u časopisu (npr. postavljanje u institucionalni repozitorijum ili objavljivanje u knjizi), uz navođenje da je članak izvorno objavljen u ovom časopisu.
- Autorima je dozvoljeno i podstiču se da postave objavljeni članak onlajn (npr. u institucionalni repozitorijum ili na svoju internet stranicu) prije ili tokom postupka prijave rukopisa, s obzirom da takav postupak može voditi produktivnoj razmjeni ideja i ranijoj i većoj citiranosti objavljenog članka (Vidi Efekti otvorenog pristupa).