Politeia - Naučni časopis Fakulteta političkih nauka Univerziteta u Banjoj Luci za društvena pitanja
Fakultet političkih nauka Univerziteta u Banjoj Luci, BiH i Institut za političke studije, Beograd, Srbija
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ETHICAL CHALLENGES OF CIVIL SERVICES IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
Civil service ethics today represents a legally and sub-legally regulated category. This implies that conscience, ethics, honesty, and other moral categories are increasingly less identified as implied social values, necessitating their prescription and sanctioning through legal norms. Factors most influencing unethical behavior of civil servants in Bosnia and Herzegovina can be grouped into several categories: politicization of the civil service (selection process not based on meritocracy principles), the broad scope of the civil service (excessive number of civil servants at all levels of administrative organization who exhibit low civil service culture and lack training), high corruption index in society (where civil servants act as both subjects and objects of corrupt activities), weak prevention and penalization of ethical rule violations, difficulty in proving mobbing and discrimination in the civil service with inadequate response from responsible authorities to prevent and punish these phenomena, and weak prevention and management of conflicts of interest in general and in the civil service. Additionally, political instability and limited resources of civil service agencies hinder meritocracy, thus requiring interventions such as mandatory annual ethics training and testing; a digital platform for reporting conflicts of interest; and strengthening sanctions for executives who generate unethical behavior.
А CONTINENT THAT THINKS: POLITICAL THOUGHT IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
Book Review: Danilo Babić, Political Thought in Sub-Saharan Africa: From Liberation to the Present. Belgrade: Institute of International Politics and Economics, 2026.
THE CHINESE PARADIGM: CHINA, TAIWAN, AND THE INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE IN THE COLD WAR
This paper examines the complex relationship between China (the People's Republic of China), Taiwan (the Republic of China), and the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in the period from 1949 to 1984. Through an analysis of historical sources, diplomatic documents, and relevant academic literature, the paper demonstrates how sport — particularly the Olympic movement — became a key arena of struggle for international legitimacy and national identity. The "two Chinas" question was not merely a diplomatic problem; it evolved into a primary challenge to the Olympic principle of universality and political neutrality. The paper shows how sport — and the Olympic movement in particular — had been one of the important instruments of Chinese modernization, nation-building, and diplomatic struggle for international legitimacy since the late nineteenth century. The historical roots of China's relationship with sport are examined, including the debut at the 1932 Olympic Games in Los Angeles. Beginning with the 1952 Helsinki Olympic Games, when the dispute known as the "two Chinas" question emerged, the paper chronologically traces the crisis surrounding the relationship between the PRC and Taiwan within the international Olympic movement, in the context of their mutual struggle for legitimacy, international recognition, and the delegitimization of the opposing side. Drawing on the minutes of IOC sessions, the paper reconstructs the emergence of the Rome Formula of 1960, the Montreal crisis of 1976, and the Nagoya settlement of 1979–1981. A dedicated chapter is separate to "ping-pong" diplomacy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Slavojka Beštić-Bronza
BOLSHEVIK PROPAGANDA IN JOHN REED’S "TEN DAYS THAT SHOOK THE WORLD"
The aim of this paper is to give an insight into political propaganda that was used by bolsheviks in the time of October Revolution, as well as the ways it was used during ten days that John Reed wrote about in his work. After introduction, which provides definitions of concept and types of political propaganda, some of the key events in the life of John Reed are presented. This section is followed by an analysis of key aspects of bolshevik political propaganda, along with techniques of propaganda used and its use in terms which Reed described. The author of this paper has especially analyzed propaganda used in the press, with a review of slogans, proclamations, posters, and public speeches.
THE “STEEL BOND” BETWEEN SOUTH KOREA AND NATO: TRACING THE CHRONOLOGY AND DEEPENING OF COOPERATION SINCE 2022
This paper describes and explains the relationship and cooperation between South Korea and NATO from the establishment of their relations to 2025. It analyzes the drivers of cooperation and traces its development during the first decades of the 21st century, with particular emphasis on the historical factors that led to the emergence of this cooperation. In addition, the paper examines NATO’s policy toward the Indo-Pacific region and South Korea’s position within this process. Special attention is devoted to the deepening of cooperation between NATO and South Korea following the outbreak of the conflict in Ukraine in 2022. The intensification of cooperation is reflected in multiple dimensions, ranging from the strengthening of formal ties to increased procurement of weapons and military equipment by NATO member states from South Korea. The paper also analyzes respective positions toward North Korea and the impact of North Korea on the strengthening of NATO–South Korea cooperation. The paper’s central thesis is that NATO–South Korea cooperation is evolving from a largely symbolic partnership into a substantive and intensive collaboration, driven by NATO’s need to expand its presence in the Indo-Pacific, South Korea’s pursuit of a reliable security partner, and its goal to strengthen defense-industrial ties with NATO member states. The paper employs comparative and analytical methods.
TOTAL DEFENCE: A NECESSARY BUT STILL NONEXISTENT GROUND OF THE SERBIAN DETERRENCE STRATEGY
As a militarily neutral state, Serbia has to rely on internal balancing in order to attain an effective deterrence strategy. Therefore, all the strategic documents of the Republic of Serbia – the National Security Strategy and the Defence Strategy – have defined the concept of total defence as a goal to achieve. Although significant steps have been realized in that complex undertaking – and notably the effort of the theoretical and normative elaboration of the concept – Serbia still faces many challenges of various kind in order to transform the concept of total defence into a set of practical and concrete measures that will constitute the foundation of the Serbian deterrence and help the country in the preservation and defence of its national interests. One of the problems resides in the fact that the understanding of the concept of total defence seems to be excessively narrow. By limiting the scope of total defence to its two classical components – the military defence on one hand and the civil defence on the other – a wide palette of measures and actions has been put aside and possible threats ignored. The question of possible cultural or ideological threats remained untackled and the idea of overall or comprehensive defence that would, for example, include spiritual defence, stayed completely out of range of the policy makers. But even with regard to the narrow understanding of the concept of total defence, some key elements are still missing, such as the mandatory military service or a full normative elaboration of the civil defence, let alone its practical implementation. Besides these problems, there is a more fundamental issue concerning the existence of necessary requirements for a successful total defence policy since internal balancing cannot be solely seen as the need for increasing military capacities. Moreover, it is a widely accepted theoretical concept today that internal balancing implies elements such as the strength and efficiency of state institutions, political stability, and social cohesion. Having this in mind, the particular context of Serbia – with a deficient democratic regime, political instability, institutional ineffectiveness, and a weakened social cohesion – is not a fertile ground for developing the concept of total defence. Finally, the most important challenge that Serbia is facing and that will determine the faith of both the military neutrality and the total defence that derives from it is the need of making a choice and of having a coherent foreign policy, which is, for the moment, still marked by contradictory goals of preserving the territorial integrity of the country and joining the European Union. If the final choice is made in favour of the EU accession – which necessarily means the acceptance of the secession of Kosovo and Metohija, it is more than likely that the strategic decision of the military neutrality will cease to exist since it will lose its main sense of purpose.
NEO-COLONIAL DISCOURSE AND THE EUROPEANISATION PARADOX: THE OHR’S BONN POWERS AND DEMOCRATIC REGRESSION IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
Bosnia and Herzegovina presents a central paradox of Europeanisation: while the country has formally advanced on the EU path, it remains subject to an external executive authority whose powers are difficult to reconcile with democratic accountability and the rule of law. Bosnia and Herzegovina was granted EU candidate status in December 2022, and in March 2024 the European Council decided to open accession negotiations, while inviting the Commission to prepare the negotiating framework. Yet the OHR continues to impose legislation, amend constitutional arrangements, and dismiss elected officials without democratic mandate, practices the European Commission itself condemned in 2019 as “in principle incompatible with the sovereignty of Bosnia and Herzegovina and therefore with EU membership.” This article argues that the Office of the High Representative (OHR) in Bosnia and Herzegovina functions as a neo-colonial institution whose exercise of executive authority through the extra-legal “Bonn Powers” systematically undermines the conditions for meaningful EU integration. Drawing on neo-colonial theory, the article examines the legal basis of the Bonn Powers, their use by successive High Representatives, and the EU’s response to their continued application under Christian Schmidt. It shows that the EU is pursuing Bosnia and Herzegovina’s accession while tolerating a form of external governance that contradicts the democratic and rule-of-law standards of that process. This structural double standard has produced what the article terms a Potemkin democracy: a system in which the formal institutions of democratic governance operate as a façade while actual authority remains vested in an externally appointed and unaccountable official.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aleksandar Vranješ, Nina Sajić
TRIANGULATION IN (POST) DIVORCE FAMILY DYNAMICS: A SYSTEMIC FAMILY APPROACH
The research has been conducted with the aim of determining parents’ perception of triangulation as a pattern of family functioning in relevance to characteristics of family dynamics: the way the divorce procedure ended, the quality of parents` communication, as well as their decision making about children in the (post) divorce period. The data is collected via DFOR PRP scale constructed on the basis of two standardized instruments and the parents` questionnaire constructed specially for the needs of this research, to question sociodemographic and control variable. The results show statisctically significant difference in the level of percepted triangulation in relation to the characteristics of family dynamics. Triangulation is more present with parents whose divorce process was full of conflicts and has included the network of different institutions, with no or only conflict communicatiоn, and the ones with no agreement on any parental decisions, that is to say, where children themselves make crucial decisions, based on the perception of the parents included in the research. The obtained results point to the necessity of early recognition of disfunctional family dynamics as a risk factor for forming coalition between a parent and a child/children based on their age and timely intervention through educational and psychotherapeutical work with the parents.
Joseph Nye, Soft Power and Great-Power Competition – Shifting Sands in the Balance of Power Between the United States and China, Springer, 2023.
Review of the book ideology of Sameness
THE ILLUSION: AN OLD–NEW FORM OF IDEOLOGY IN THE SERVICE OF GOOD OR EVIL
The Illusion occupies a central place in the human quest for meaning, shaping the ways in which we perceive, interpret, and act upon the world. It is neither purely deceptive nor inherently liberating, but a dynamic interplay between construction and concealment. By creating symbolic frameworks, illusions allow us to transform uncertainty into coherence and chaos into orientation. Yet, the same force that sustains hope and collective identity can also distort reality, preserve power hierarchies, and silence alternative perspectives. Within contemporary societies — increasingly defined by media saturation, digital hyperreality, and fragmented truths — the role of illusion becomes even more complex and urgent. Understanding its double-edged nature is not a matter of rejecting illusions altogether, but of discerning when they serve life, creativity, and freedom, and when they become instruments of manipulation, control, and existential detachment.
MIGRATION TOWARD EUROPE IN THE CONTEXT OF SAMUEL HUNTINGTON’S CLASH OF CIVILIZATIONS THEORY
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Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 10]> <![endif]-->The article examines the phenomenon of mass migration of millions of people from African and Asian countries to Europe through the lens of Samuel Huntington’s theory of the clash of civilizations. The emphasis is placed on the security dimension of these processes and their potential to transform the countries of contemporary Western Europe within Huntington’s categorization of state types. The paper primarily focuses on the relationship between Western and Islamic civilizations, as defined by Huntington. The differing perceptions of migration in Eastern and Western Europe highlight Western Europe as the area most exposed to transformation driven by migration. By observing demographic trends among the indigenous European population and incoming migrant communities, along with demographic developments within Muslim countries, the article underscores the potential for the most significant Western European countries to transition from clearly defined members of Western civilization to the category of “cleft” and “torn” states. At the same time, the text also emphasizes the importance of individuals as carriers of identity, recognizing in that context a reciprocal link between the transitional processes at the state level, as formulated by Huntington, and the migratory movements and demographic trends of the migrant population. The conclusion stresses the importance of demography in Huntington’s theory of civilizations, as the demographic presence and strength ultimately determine both the borders of a state within a given civilization and the scope of the civilization itself.
(PARA)MILITARY UNIT »BLACK CORPS« (»AZOV«) AS THE MOST FAMOUS POLITICAL-MILITARY EXPRESSION OF EXTREME UKRAINIAN NATIONALISM
After Ukraine gained independence in 1991 and a period of long-term equidistance between the East and West, Ukrainian politics definitively turned towards the West in the period after the »Maidan« events in the winter of 2013/14, when pro-Western – liberal, but also nationalist political forces willing to separate Ukraine from the Russian Federation in every respect came to power (for the second time). This was also the beginning of open tensions with the Russian Federation, and then came the Russian annexation of Crimea and the beginning of military conflicts in the Luhansk and Donetsk regions. The newly declared policy of Ukraine, led by Ukrainian liberal and right-wing politicians, was the »decommunization of the country« and the »nationalization of the nation«, which opened a wide space for extreme right-wing Ukrainian political movements and paramilitary groups, among which over time the most exposed one became the Kharkiv group Black Corps (later the battalion, the Azov regiment and finally the brigade ‒ the Twelfth Brigade of the National Guard, or the Third Independent Brigade of the Armed Forces of Ukraine). The aim of this paper is to systematize the previous knowledge, i. e. to present the history, ideology and activities of the (para)military unit „Black Corps” (later »Azov«), as the paradigm of the (para)military-political form of developing the contemporary extreme Ukrainian nationalism.
(UN)MEASURABILITY OF VIOLENCE: THE LIMITS OF QUANTIFYING VIOLENCE IN CONTEMPORARY SOCIETIES
<p style="margin: 0px 0px 12px; text-align: justify; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-kerning: auto; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-feature-settings: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-variation-settings: normal;">The central topic of this paper is to theoretically examine the issue of measuring violence in societies, with the aim of addressing the question whether violence in society can be measured at all. In line with this aim, the paper presents the fundamental challenges related to defining and classifying violence, as well as the established methods for measuring violence and their limitations. There is no single, universally accepted definition or typology of violence; they both depend on various cultural, ideological, and political factors. What all definitions share, however, is the recognition that violence results in different forms of injuries or the killings of individuals. A particularly controversial form of violence is the invisible, or structural violence, which—due to the scope of its consequences—should not be excluded from analyses attempting to assess levels of violence in societies, yet it often is. For this reason, the paper draws significantly on Galtung’s theory of structural violence. The main premise of this paper is that measuring violence in a society cannot be done precisely, as significant limitations persist. Some of these include: (1) the general problem of quantifying social phenomena; (2) determining what should be considered as violence and what is relevant for measurement; (3) less visible forms of violence, such as structural violence and domestic violence; (4) limitations in the recording of violent incidents; and (5) spatial and temporal constraints. Accordingly, the goal of this paper is to encourage reflection on which indicators—beyond the commonly used ones, such as homicide rate—should be taken into account when assessing the level of violence within a society.
POLITICAL PARTICIPATION AND TRUST OF YOUTH IN SERBIA AND THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA IN POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS
This paper examines the level of political trust and patterns of political participation among young people in Serbia and the Republic of Srpska, focusing on members of Generation Z. Using a mixed-method approach and a sample of 555 respondents, the study analyzes key dimensions of political culture, including media literacy, political involvement, cynicism, anomie, institutional trust, authoritarian tendencies, and attitudes toward national symbols. The findings reveal a strikingly low level of trust in essential political institutions—government, parliament, presidency, judiciary, and political parties—despite a relatively high rate of electoral participation. Most young people believe that political parties do not represent citizens’ interests, that media are not reliable sources of information, and that individuals have no real possibility to influence political decision-making. Although Generation Z shows strong attachment to national symbols and displays tolerance toward diversity, there is a growing sense of political cynicism, marginalization, and dissatisfaction with traditional democratic institutions for failing to meet the expectations of young people. The results point to a structural crisis of political legitimacy and emphasize the need for new mechanisms to meaningfully integrate young people into political processes. Strengthening the institutional trust of Generation Z emerges as a key prerequisite for democratic consolidation.
THE ATTITUDE OF YOUNG PEOPLE IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA TOWARDS DIGITAL CONTENT - BETWEEN VIRTUAL AND REAL REALITY
Young people in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), members of Generation Z, most often get their information through digital media, i.e. social networks, mostly choosing entertaining, interesting and humorous content. Social networks are their first choice for information and they spend most of their free time with them. The focus of the paper is on digital media content that young people often use. The aim of the paper is to identify specific internet portals, social network accounts, influential individuals or groups that young people follow and whose content they consume the most. The results collected using the survey method using an online questionnaire indicate that young people in BiH visit the following internet portals the most: Nezavisne.com, Klix.ba, Rtrs.tv, while on social networks they most often follow the accounts of influencers and celebrities. Also, most young people do not distinguish between internet portals and social network accounts. Their favorite influencers or YouTubers are: Zorana Jovanović, Anja Blagojević, Adriana Džehverović and Baka Prase. It is concluded that young people in BaH do not often use digital media and social networks in a productive way and that they lack adequate media and information literacy skills to use the capacity of digital media for education, personal development, assistance in learning or navigating everyday life.
ON THE IMPORTANCE OF INTUITIONS IN POLITICAL PROCESSES IN THE AGE OF POLITICAL APATHY
The paper explores the theoretical importance of intuitions in political processes, especially in the moments when there is a crisis in the reproduction of the dominant social norms. In this regard, particular attention is paid to the fact that today’s social institutions and conventional political organizations have largely lost their authority, which in turn has led to political apathy and the rise of post-political attitudes. Political intuitions, often based on experience and unconscious associations, can therefore play the key role in radical forms of democracy, most notably in times of crisis. The paper focuses on the difference between everyday political intuitions and intuitions about politics, emphasizing their importance in shaping public discourse and political decisions.
DECOLONIZATION OF THE MIND AS A PROCESS OF STATE RESOVEREIGNIZATION
Decolonization in the 1960s became a key aspect of political life, during which the concept itself was theoretically constituted. By the end of the Cold War, the concept expanded beyond the political domain into the realms of culture, education, and art, and in some cases, it became subject of relativization. One form of decolonization as liberation from the shackles of foreign rule is the decolonization of the mind. In this paper, alongside the presentation of key concepts, we will analyze the processes of colonization and decolonization of the mind through the lens of liberating the state ideological apparatus as a method of (re)sovereignization of the modern state. The removal of military and direct political presence of foreign powers from state territories did not mark the end of colonization, but rather its transformation through globalist processes, where the main roles are played by the economy, transnational corporations, and soft power—namely culture and all its forms. In neocolonialism, transnational corporations and the power of comprador elites are central to the colonization of the mind. We will present ways of resisting contemporary challenges that undermine national and cultural sovereignty through the process of decolonizing the mind—not limiting the scope solely to the Global South but extending it, in a universalist manner, to the states of contemporary Europe as well.
ELLUL'S THESIS ON THE MOBILIZING ROLE OF POLITICAL PERSUASION THROUGH THE PERSPECTIVE OF NEURAL BASIS OF MOTIVATED REASONING
<p style="margin: 0px 0px 12px; text-align: justify; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-width: normal; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; font-family: Times; font-size-adjust: none; font-kerning: auto; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-feature-settings: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-variation-settings: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: #000000;">The thesis of Jacques Ellul—that successful political persuasion is focused primarily on influencing behavior rather than attitudes—is examined in this work from the perspective of neuroscience and the findings of a neuroscientific experiment conducted by Drew Westen. Specifically, by exploring the neural basis of the cognitive process known as motivated reasoning, Westen arrived at results indicating the dominant role of emotions in political decision-making and judgment under the influence of such reasoning. Based on these findings, Westen concludes that the political brain is, in fact, an „emotional brain” and that changes in political attitudes are not driven by new information, but rather by new emotions. This paper investigates how such a conclusion either confirms or redefines Ellul’s thesis—namely, that in the persuasive sequence following the dissemination of political messages, behavioral change precedes, and only potentially leads to, attitude change, which, in the context of successful political persuasion, may or may not occur. In a broader context, the paper uses this case to raise the question of the application of neuroscience in the field of political marketing, with the aim of empirically testing traditional claims in political persuasion theory—claims that are often based, to varying degrees, on speculation. The study also offers guidelines for future research, proposing that the application of neuroscientific methods may provide insight into the sequencing of persuasive processes and the role of emotion and motivated reasoning within that sequence.
FROM THE PHILOSOPHY TO THE SOCIOLOGY OF WORK
Review of the book Lars Fr. H. Svendsen – Philosophy of Work (trans. Radoš Kosović), Geopoetika Publishing, Belgrade, 2012, p. 156.
THREE YEARS OF THE CONFLICT IN UKRAINE – STRATEGIC GOALS OF RUSSIAN FEDERATION, USA AND EU
Even though the conflict in Ukraine is officially led between two sides, the Russian Federation (RF) and Ukraine, more countries are indirectly involved in this conflict. The majority of members of NATO (with the USA as the leader) and EU (led by Germany) provide military support to Ukraine, and in so doing they have, in a specific way, practically become actors in this conflict. Military assistance to Ukraine has predominantly consisted of armaments and military equipment, as well as training of Ukrainian soldiers, conducted on the territory of NATO Member States, but also on Ukrainian territory with military instructors hired by the Alliance. For purpose of better understanding of causes and consequences of the conflict in Ukraine it is necessary to consider in more detail the strategic goals of the RF, USA and EU which are directly or indirectly involved in events in Ukraine. In this paper conclusions were drawn predominantly by using the comparative method, in order to draw the parallels between the strategic goals of the RF, USA and EU. The data were collected by qualitative content analysis of statements of the relevant officials and the documents, and the presentation was in most partlaid out in chronological order. The basic hypothesis is the claim that the war between Russia and Ukraine represents the climax of confrontation not only between those two countries, but also of interests of West and the RF. In disciplinary terms, this paper is based on two approaches within the study of international relations - foreign policy analysis and geopolitics.
The paper explores changes in the voting habits of young people and changes in the level of participation and political mobilization in Serbia. As a case study, it takes the period between November 2024 and May 2025, marked by massive student university blockades and the organization of several social protests. The aim of the paper is to identify, through a systematic analysis of available surveys of young people's attitudes conducted between 2018 and 2024, the factors that have led to increased youth participation in political activities. The paper assumes the thesis that the case study of Serbia is an important social moment in which a generational shift of political elites is taking place, from those who promote security as the dominant social value to those who promote the issue of a well-governed society.
CONSTITUTIONAL COURT OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA – BETWEEN HYBRIDITY AND POWER SHARING
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6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 10]> <![endif]-->The aim of the paper is to analyze the role and function of the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina through the lens of two political concepts that are much more represented in the analysis of political than judicial institutions. It is about the concept of 'hybrid courts' and the concept of 'power sharing courts'. The first concept refers to those courts that enable or require the presence of foreign judges in domestic judicial institutions, in this case the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Since its founding, the latter has included three foreign judges in its composition, and over time, the perception of their work and role has changed dramatically, maintaining broader trends that exist in the political sphere of BiH. The paper will analyze this moment of hybridity of the Constitutional Court of BiH and the repercussions that this feature had when making decisions. The second concept refers to a certain consociational element that the Constitutional Court has in its structure, namely, its composition reflects the reciprocity of the constituent peoples as a kind of guarantor that the established Dayton order will not be changed unilaterally or by force without the consent of all three constituent peoples. The phenomenon of power sharing within the Court and the repercussions it brought about in the function of the Court itself will be presented in detail. Only by analyzing these two crucial elements is it possible to fully understand the functioning of the Constitutional Court, the problems it faces during its work, and the discussions it provokes in the political and academic spheres. Precisely through these two elements, it is possible to plausibly show that the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina is between the hammer and the anvil. On the one hand, it is expected to have transformational potential and to modify the Dayton constitutional legal framework, and on the other hand, it serves as a mechanism for maintaining and preserving the latter.
THE SOCIAL STATUS OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
Duško Trninić: Life Stories from the Social Margins: A Contribution to the Sociology of Disability (Association for Philosophy and Social Thought, Banja Luka, 2024)
POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES: FROM TRUTH TO TYRANNY
Bojan Vranić, Political Ideologies: From Truth to Tyranny, Clio: Faculty of Political Science, Belgrade, 2024, p. 154
RUSSIA'S NUCLEAR DOCTRINE – DETERRENCE FOR THE 21ST CENTURY
The revised Russian nuclear strategy was adopted on November 19, 2024, as a response to the earlier U.S. authorization allowing Ukraine to target deep into Russian territory with medium-range missiles. The prelude to this development was the withdrawal of both the U.S and Russia from strategic arms control agreements. Additionally, following Donald Trump’s victory in the presidental elections, the outgoing U.S. administration futher emphasized support for Ukraine as a foreign policy priority. Seeking continued opposition to the Russian military, Ukraine had, for months during 2024, requested its allies to supply and authorize the use of medium-range missiles for strikes deep into Russian territory, as well as to deliver F-16 fighter jets. The central argument of this paper is that Russia’s revised nuclear doctrine has been adapted to modern wartime conditions and the challenges of the 21st-century international order, serving as a consistent extension of its nuclear deterrence strategy. The new nuclear doctrine, like its predecessor, is based on the nuclear triad. The paper analyzes changes in warfare in the 21st century, emphasizing the widespread use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), including drones. Furthermore, the goal of the paper is to understand the reasons behind the revision of Russia’s nuclear doctrine, as well as its content and possible implications for international relations.
Rajko Petrović, Danilo Babić, Crimes of Western Civilization. Belgrade: Catena Mundi, 2024.
ТHE LEFT IN MACEDONIA: OBSTACLES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR REVIVAL
This article explores the underexamined issue of left-wing politics in Macedonia, a region often overlooked in broader academic discussions on political transformation in the former Yugoslavia. It addresses key challenges faced by the Left in the post-socialist era, including ideological fragmentation, neoliberal economic policies imposed by the West, and the rise of ethno-nationalist elements in the Macedonian political landscape since 2001. These factors have significantly weakened the influence of leftist ideology in a country marked by ethnic division and largely under Western influence. The article argues that Macedonia's so-called leftist parties, mainly remnants of the former regime, have increasingly adopted neoliberal policies, distancing themselves from traditional socialist values and eroding their connection to the working class. The rise of Levica (The Left), a political party born from a grassroots social movement, offers a potential avenue for revitalizing democratic participation and political transformation in the country. A central focus of the article is the viability of genuine left-wing ideology and policy within the constraints of Macedonia’s NATO and EU orientation. The article concludes that Levica’s future success will hinge on its ability to balance national identity concerns with broader social and economic goals and effectively challenge the entrenched political establishment.
PARTOCRACY AND CLIENTILISM IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
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Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Continue"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Continue 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Continue 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Continue 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Continue 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Message Header"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Salutation"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Date"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Body Text First Indent"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Body Text 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Name="Document Map"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Plain Text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="E-mail Signature"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Top of Form"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Normal (Web)"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Acronym"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Address"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Cite"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Code"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Definition"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Keyboard"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Preformatted"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Sample"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Typewriter"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Variable"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Normal Table"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="annotation subject"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="No List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Outline List 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Outline List 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Outline 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SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Columns 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Columns 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Columns 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Columns 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Columns 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 7"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 8"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 7"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 8"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table 3D effects 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table 3D effects 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table 3D effects 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Contemporary"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Elegant"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Professional"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Subtle 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Subtle 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Web 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Web 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Web 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Balloon Text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Theme"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 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Name="Plain Table 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 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Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Mention"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Smart Hyperlink"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Hashtag"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Unresolved Mention"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Smart Link"/> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 10]> <![endif]-->Political parties in a large number of countries of the world, from being democratizers, have over time become oligarchically organized groups that subordinate institutions to themselves and the interests of their leaders, devaluing the democracy for which they declaratively advocate. This phenomenon is expressed in transitional states whose civil societies and economies have not reached a development level sufficient to resist the partocratization of institutions and the clientelistic relationship of political subjects and citizens. Such is Bosnia and Herzegovina, which, within the framework of the phenomenon of partocracy, as the subject of research in this paper, we analyze in the form of a case study. The specificity of Bosnia and Herzegovina is that its nationally conditioned party segmentation further strengthens the power of party oligarchies whose leaders also act as national leaders. With the mortgage of war, war profiteering, poorly implemented privatization, the Daytonian constitutionalism destroyed and devastated communities, partocracy and clientelism in Bosnia and Herzegovina have become a systemic phenomenon and an everyday occurrence. They are one of the main factors of its dysfunctionality and underdevelopment, which is reflected in the work of public institutions, the definition of development and social policies.
THE EMERGENCE OF THE CONCEPT OF AIR POWER ACCORDING TO THE TEACHINGS OF GIULIO DOUHET
The revolutionary essence of the emergence of air power during the First World War led to the theoretical formulation of the concept of air power, where Italian general Giulio Douhet retains an exceptional standing. The theoretical concepts, that emerged in this early technological period of aviation development carried a more "prophetic" character of the future use of the combat aircraft, than a footing in practical service and warfare experience. The third dimension of power, reaching from the atmosphere presents a new dynamic and a revolutionary change to warfare erasing the distinction between front and rear. In his works, General Douhet's forms a modern warfare theory and attacks the fundamental postulates of military thinking based on a conflict exclusively split into two dimensions: land or sea. Of distinct importance is his understanding of the significance of the moral factor in war, among soldiers and civilians. According to his learning, the moral factor carries the same or greater significance than the material destruction in war. According to this doctrine, the air force, and especially bomber aviation, has a strategic character and should independently make decisions regarding the outcome of the war itself. General Douhet 's air (geo)strategy was supposed to transform the war, reduce heavy losses, and bring a swift ending to the armed conflict. Nonetheless, it was the Air Force itself responsible for the tremendous devastation of the cities and massive casualties of the civilian population during World War II, Cold War local conflicts, and today's wars. The works of Giulio Douhet had a significant influence on other classical and contemporary air power theorists, but also on the main staffs of the great powers that determined the air doctrines of their armed forces.