Pesticides and Phytomedicine / Pesticidi i fitomedicina
Pesticidi i fitomedicina (Pesticides and Phytomedicine) is dedicated to the following research fields: toxicology and ecotoxicology of pesticides; phytopathology; applied entomology and zoology; weed science; plant and food products protection; use of pesticides in sanitation and public health. The journal continues the title Pesticidi, which was published over the period 1986-2003. All articles are published in English, with summaries in English and Serbian. As of 2020, the journal is issued triannually (three issues annually). As of 2021, Pesticides and Phytomedicine (Pesticidi i fitomedicina) will be published online only, and paper copies of future issues will no longer be available. The primary platforms for journal publication will continue to be: Scindeks (http://scindeks.ceon.rs/journaldetails.aspx?issn=1820-3949) and the publisher’s official web site (http://www.pesting.org.rs/).
Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection
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Biofungicide Bacillus subtilis Ch-13 in the control of Hypomyces perniciosus (wet bubble disease) in industrial-scale mushroom cultivation
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6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Mention"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Smart Hyperlink"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Hashtag"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Unresolved Mention"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Smart Link"/> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 10]> <![endif]--> The current study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the biofungicide Bacillus subtilis Ch-13 in the suppression of natural infection of white button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) with Hypomyces perniciosus (causal agent of wet bubble disease), as well as its impact on mushroom yield in industrial-scale cultivation. The biofungicide B. subtilis Ch-13 was applied at a total concentration of 60 ml per m2 of casing layer in two different procedures — using either three (30 + 2 × 15 ml m-2) or two split doses (2 × 30 ml m-2) — and then its effects were compared to those of the fungicide prochloraz applied at a standard application rate. The efficacy of the biofungicide was significantly higher when applied in three split doses (29.7%), than in two (15.7%). Though the efficacy of B. subtilis Ch-13 (≈30%) against H. perniciosus was low in comparison to that of prochloraz (≈68%), B. subtilis Ch-13 slightly reduced wet bubble symptoms. Furthermore, the highest increase in mushroom yield was achieved when B. subtilis Ch-13 was applied in three split doses (14%), rather than two (2%), compared to the untreated control. In comparison to prochloraz, three and two split applications of B. subtilis Ch-13 enhanced mushroom yield by up to 17% and 4%, respectively. Regarding its efficacy in wet bubble disease control and augmentation of mushroom yield, B. subtilis Ch-13 was much more effective when applied in three split doses, than in two. Therefore, this study supports the application B. subtilis Ch-13 in three split doses (30 + 2 × 15 ml m-2, on the second day and two weeks after casing, and after the first fruiting flush, respectively) to suppress H. perniciosus and increase mushroom yield.
Efficacy of biofungicide Bacillus subtilis Ch-13 in the suppression of Hypomyces odoratus (cobweb disease) in a large-scale white button mushroom production
More frequent application of the biofungicide Bacillus subtilis Ch-13 enhanced its efficacy against natural infestation of Hypomyces odoratus (cobweb disease) in white button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus), as well as its positive impact on mushroom production. In two different application procedures, strain B. subtilis Ch-13 was used at a final concentration of 60 ml per m2 of casing layer (1 × 108 CFU ml-1). In comparison to the low efficacy of the fungicide prochloraz (53%), optimal efficacy of B. subtilis Ch-13 in the suppression of H. odoratus was recorded. Substantially higher efficacy of this biofungicide in cobweb disease control was achieved when it was applied in three split doses (42%), rather than two (30%), in the large-scale production of white button mushrooms. The greatest improvement in white button mushroom production, in comparison to the untreated control, was achieved when B. subtilis Ch-13 was applied in three split doses (biological efficiency, BE=15%), rather than two (BE=7%). For suppression of the mycopathogen H. odoratus on white button mushrooms, this study supports the application of the biofungicide B. subtilis Ch-13 in three split doses of 30 + 15 + 15 ml m-2 on the second day after casing, two weeks after casing, and after the first fruiting flush, respectively.
Interactions among biocontrol agents in the management of Lycoriella ingenua and Trichoderma aggressivum on white button mushrooms
Relationships (synergistic/antagonistic/additive) among three biocontrol agents — the native antagonistic bacterium Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B-241, the yield-stimulating actinobacterium Streptomyces flavovirens A06, and a commercial strain of entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae — were investigated for the purpose of evaluating their effects on the suppression of artificially inoculated green mould disease agent Trichoderma aggressivum f. europaeum T77, as well as the suppression of natural infestation of the fungus gnat, Lycoriella ingenua, in an experimental growing chamber of cultivated white button mushroom Agaricus bisporus. Biocontrol agents were applied at standard application rates, or reduced rates of 40% or 20%. The impact of biocontrol agents and their interactions on mushroom productivity was calculated as the ratio of the fresh weight of the total mushroom yield to the weight of the dry spawned substrate. The density of the fungus gnat flies was monitored by using yellow sticky traps placed inside each insect-rearing cage with mushroom substrate. The evaluation of disease and pest control efficacy was based on disease and pest incidence in the inoculated control and treatment groups. Simultaneous application of three biocontrol agents revealed mild antagonistic interactions in their efficacy in green mould disease control, an antagonistic relationship in the control of the fungus gnat, while synergy was detected regarding their impact on mushroom yield. The results of this study suggest that each biological agent should be applied three times every seven days to provide efficient pest and disease control: entomopathogenic nematodes used individually at the first day after the casing time (S. feltiae 0.75 × 106 IJ m-2, total amount 2.25 × 106 IJ m-2), and beneficial microorganisms used combined a few days later (B. amyloliquefaciens 1 × 109 CFU ml-1 m-2, total amount 3 × 109 CFU ml-1 m-2, and S. flavovirens 1 × 108 CFU ml-1 m-2, total amount 3 × 108 CFU ml-1 m-2).
Penicillium expansum, P. crustosum, and P. paneum cause blue mold of sugar beet roots in Serbia
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 10]> <![endif]--> In this study, three Penicillium species, P. expansum, P. crustosum, and P. paneum, were identified in sugar beet roots with blue mold collected at harvest and from overwintering roots, marking a novel finding for Serbia. Notably, our study is the first to document P. crustosum as the causal agent of blue mold in sugar beet in the world. Pathogenicity tests on artificially inoculated sugar beet roots confirmed that all Penicillium isolates can induce rot, with P. expansum demonstrating the highest virulence, followed by P. crustosum and P. paneum. As Penicillium species are important postharvest pathogens linked to decay, economic losses, and mycotoxin contamination, further research into their postharvest presence and impact is essential. This study presents the first analysis of Penicillium spp. on sugar beet in Serbia, aimed to characterize isolates both molecularly and morphologically, and to evaluate their pathogenic potential as postharvest pathogens. The results contribute to the current knowledge of Penicillium species capable of colonizing sugar beet roots, and expand our understanding of Penicillium spp. diversity and distribution in Serbia.
Natural and semi-synthetic insecticides protect onion from wireworms Agriotes spp. larvae (wireworm) damage
Wireworms, the larval stage of click beetles (Elateridae: Agriotes spp.), pose a significant threat to global agriculture, particularly to root vegetables, such as onion. Their subterranean lifestyle, as well as the withdrawal of some traditional synthetic insecticides, make them challenging to control. Therefore, this research aimed to compare the effects of natural, semi-synthetic and synthetic insecticides in controlling wireworm damage in an onion field. A field trial for testing the effects of different insecticidal treatments on plant density, wireworm damage (%) and total onion yield, was conducted at the Institute for Vegetable Crops (Smederevska Palanka, Serbia) in 2024. The experiment consisted of six treatments: an untreated control, three natural insecticides (two formulations of spinosad a.i. - granular and liquid, and Beauveria bassiana ATCC 74040 2.3×107 conidiospores/ml), a semi-synthetic insecticide (a.i. spinetoram) and a synthetic insecticide (a.i. tefluthrin). The insecticides were applied during planting, following their label application rates per hectare. Assessments were conducted 20 and 42 days after treatment (DAT) to determine plant density. Wireworm damage was specifically evaluated 42 DAT, and yield was calculated by weighing the harvested onion bulbs. The results showed that the granular spinosad formulation, applied in furrows at planting, significantly increased plant density 20 DAT, while its liquid formulation, applied as a soil treatment during planting, resulted in the lowest density. Spinetoram showed the highest plant density 42 DAT and the highest percentage of wireworm damage (15%) of all insecticides tested. The control had the highest percentage of damaged plants and the lowest yield. Onion yield was at the maximum after treatment with spinetoram, whereas the lowest yield was achieved after treatment with the granular spinosad formulation. Field trials show that natural and semi-synthetic insecticides can effectively control wireworms, ensuring adequate crop protection and viable yields. This study supports developing and adopting environmentally conscious soil pest management.
Copyright (c) 2025 Pesticides and Phytomedicine / Pesticidi i fitomedicina
Analytical approach for simultaneous determination of azoxystrobin, prothioconazole and trifloxystrobin in plant protection products
IIn this study, an isocratic reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method with diode array detection (DAD) was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of azoxystrobin, trifloxystrobin and prothioconazole in plant-protection products. Chromatographic separation of the active substances was achieved using 0.1% acetic acid and acetonitrile (30:70 v/v) at a flow rate of 0.52 ml/min on a Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C18 (50 mm × 4.6 mm × 1.8 μm) and UV detection at 210 nm. Validation was done by evaluating the linearity and precision of the method, repeatability of injections, accuracy, and limits of detection and quantification (LOD and LOQ). Under the conditions, correlation coefficients of linearity were 0.996-0.997, the precision of method, expressed as relative standard deviation, was lower than the modified Horwitz values, the accuracy of all individual substances was within the range of 94.61-107.35%, while repeatability of the injectons was satisfied with RSD of 0.94-1.35%. LOD and LOQ were 0.0063 mg/ml and 0.019 mg/ml for azoxystrobin, 0.0051 mg/ml and 0.015 mg/ml for prothioconazole and 0.0051 mg/ml and 0.015 mg/ml for trifloxystrobin, respectively. A simple, precise, accurate, and fast analytical method for simultaneous determination of the fungicides azoxystrobin, prothioconazole and trifloxystrobin can be proficiently used for their detection and quantification in formulated products. The developed and validated method was applied to real samples, confirming the method's applicability.
Botryosphaeriaceae fungi on apple fruit – identification and sensitivity to fungicides and essential oils in vitro
Apple production suffers significant economic losses and fruit quality reduction due to fungal pathogens, particularly ones that cause postharvest fruit rot, such as Botryosphaeriaceae fungi. Isolates used in this study were obtained from symptomatic apples and, based on morphological characteristics and sequence analysis of two genes (EF 1-α and β-tubulin), they were identified as Diplodia seriata and Botryosphaeria dothidea. Pathogenicity tests on healthy apple fruits revealed that D. seriata was more aggressive than B. dothidea, with significantly higher average values of lesion diameter and depth. Fungicide sensitivity tests showed that D. seriata was more sensitive to the combination fluopyram + tebuconazole (EC50=0.00023 μg a.i. ml-1), while B. dothidea exhibited higher sensitivity to pyraclostrobin (EC50=0.025 μg a.i. ml-1). With 98.44% and 97.56% percent growth inhibition (PGI) rate of D. seriata and B. dothidea (respectively) at 10 μg a.i. ml-1, the tested combination of fungicides surpassed pyraclostrobin in inhibition potential. Four essential oils (thyme, rosemary, lavender and lemongrass) were also tested for antifungal activity using the fumigant macrodilution method. Thyme oil demonstrated the highest antifungal potential, completely inhibiting the mycelial growth of both species at 0.05 μl ml–¹ of air. Strong inhibition potential was also shown by lemongrass oil with 100% inhibition of D. seriata and B. dothidea mycelial growth at 0.07 and 0.09 μl ml–¹ of air, respectively. Rosemary oil showed a moderate inhibition potential, while lavender oil was the least effective. These findings highlight the inhibiting potential of fungicides against D. seriata and B. dothidea, but they also indicate that thyme and lemongrass essential oils could be used as viable alternatives. Further research is needed to determine their effectiveness in in vivo assays and potential impact on fruit quality and the environment.
The longevity of two types of cereal carriers for rodenticide baits under adverse environmental conditions
The protection of quality and safety of stored products requires adequate and regular measures of protection from harmful rodents. Poisonous baits in a variety of formulations, primarily those based on cereals, are the most widely applied method of rodent control. Providing rodenticide baits that are durable over extended periods of time under adverse environmental conditions is an evident challenge for successful rodent control. The present study focused on examining the effects of particle size of maize- and wheat-based rodenticide bait carriers on bait longevity under unfavourable environmental conditions. Maize and wheat grain fractions with particle sizes <0.8 mm, 0.8-1.25 mm, 1.25-2 mm and >2 mm were kept in a climate chamber for 33 days at temperature varying from 30-35 C˚ and humidity from 90-95%. Baits containing different grain fractions, and supplemented with 1% sorbic acid, were tested for mold development. The same grain fractions without the preservative were used as control baits. Test and control baits were exposed to identical environmental conditions in the climate chamber over the same time period. Mold development on preservative-free baits was considerably faster and more intensive, compared to baits that contained sorbic acid. Initial signs of mold development on control baits were observed as early as on the third day of testing. Carrier type and fraction size affected mold development significantly. Regarding maize-based baits, mold development was more intestive on grain fractions >1.25 mm, compared to wheat-based grain which enabled more intensive development of mold on fractions with particle size <1.25 mm.
Improvement of rodent pest control strategy: II - Response of wild brown rats to baits containing preservative previously exposed to unfavourable environmental conditions
Control of brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) is an indispensable measure of protection of human population and domestic animals, aimed at preventing the spread of infectious diseases, and a measure of protection of goods and commodities that the brown rat can damage by its presence and activities. Rodent control procedures in environments with unfavourable conditions, such as high temperature and humidity, may fail due to reduced bait palatability caused by its degradation. Baits were prepared based on OEPP/ EPPO recommendations, while ECHA recommendation was followed for bait exposure to unfavourable environmental conditions. Placebo baits were prepared by mixing ground maize grain and paraffin. Test baits, made by mixing the placebo bait with sorbic acid, were exposed to unfavourable environmental conditions (temperature 30-35 ⁰C and humidity 90-95%). Brown rats previously captured from a wild population were used as the test organism. After an acclimation period, the animals were subjected to a four-day choice feeding test in which they were simultaneously offered placebo and test baits. The average bait palatability was unchanged, and the palatability of bait containing the preservative was 48.85 %. Furthermore, the preservative had no influence on bait consumption, compared to baits in the pre-test period, as there was no statistical difference in total amounts of bait consumed in the tests. The results indicate that 1% sorbic acid can be used as a potentially good additive to baits that are planned to be used in sewage systems and other areas where unfavorable environmental conditions prevail and there is a risk of rapid mold development and bait decay.
Demografic analysis of biopesticide effects on the two-spotted spider mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) following egg treatment
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Name="Document Map"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Plain Text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="E-mail Signature"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Top of Form"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Normal (Web)"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Acronym"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Address"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Cite"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Code"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Definition"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" 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SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Columns 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Columns 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Columns 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Columns 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Columns 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table 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Name="Medium Grid 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/> <w:LsdException 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Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 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</xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 10]> <![endif]--> The effects of biopesticide products based on oxymatrine, azadirachtin and Beauveria bassiana (strain ATCC 74040) on demographic parameters of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticaeKoch (Acari: Tetranychidae), were evaluated in laboratory bioassays. The biopesticides were applied by spraying 24 h old eggs laid on bean leaves, using the following concentrations: 50 μl/l (oxymatrine-based product), 0.75 g/l (azadirachtin-based product) and 3 ml/l (B. bassiana-based product). These concentrations were within 95% confidence limits of the LC50s estimated in acute toxicity bioassays. The mites that hatched from treated eggs completed their juvenile development on the same leaf discs, i.e. the toxic effect was caused by topical treatment and residual exposure. When the surviving females entered their preovipositional period, cohorts of 40 control and 40 treated females were transferred to untreated leaf discs (1 female/disc). Females were transferred daily to new discs until the death of the last one. Using the data on their age-specific survival and age-specific fertility (production of female offspring), the following demographic parameters were estimated: gross reproductive rate (GRR), net reproductive rate (R0), intrinsic rate of increase (rm), finite rate of increase (λ), and mean generation time (T). The biopesticides significantly affected these demographic parameters in females that survived treatments. All three biopesticides significantly reduced the GRR and R0 values. In the bioassays with oxymatrineand azadirachtin-based products, the rm and λ values were reduced by 22% and 5%, and 16% and 4%, respectively, due to reduced survival and fertility, as well as extended juvenile developmental time of females that survived treatment, compared to control females. In the bioassay with the B. bassiana-based product, the rm and λ values were reduced by 7% and 2%, respectively, mostly due to the reduced survival of treated females. The oxymatrineand azadirachtin-based products significantly extended, while B. bassiana-based product reduced the T values.
Copyright (c) 2024 Pesticides and Phytomedicine / Pesticidi i fitomedicina
Neopulvinaria innumerabilis (Rathvon, 1854), a new species of Coccidae in Serbia
In 2016, the species Neopulvinaria innumerabilis (Rathvon, 1854), belonging to the scale insect family Coccidae, was for the first time found in Serbia, in the location Radmilovac on Cornus sanguinea L. It reproduces by gamogenesis, develops one generation annually, and overwinters as a fertilized female on the trunk or branches of its host plant. During this research, the species was detected on five host plants at six locations in Serbia. It feeds by sucking sap from leaves, young shoots and branches of infested plants, causing desiccation of leaves and individual twigs. Four species of its natural enemies were collected and reared from colonies of N. innumerabilis. Two species of parasitoid wasps, Coccophagus lycimnia (Walker) (Aphelinidae) and Metaphycus hageni Daane and Caltagirone (Encyrtidae), were found, while the ladybird Exochomus quadripustulatus L. (Coccinellidae) and the fly Leucopomyia silesiaca (Egger) (Chamaemyiidae) were identified as predators. The most abundant entomophagous species was L. silesiaca.
Improvement of rodent pest control strategy: I - Selection of an adequate preservative for bait base longevity under unfavourable environmental conditions
Preservation of the appearance, structure and most importantly the attractiveness of baits targeting harmful rodents over extended periods of their exposure is one of the main tasks in the process of bait formulation. The impact of several preservatives, different methods of homogenization of main bait components, and base-paraffin ratios on the extension of longevity of bait base was examined under controlled laboratory conditions. Baits based on ground maize grain were exposed to unfavourable environmental conditions, such as high temperature (30 °C-35 °C) and air humidity (90%-95%). The exposure period was 9 days, and potential mold development was monitored over the same period of time. Sodium benzoate was found deficient in providing a satisfactory effect on bait longevity (<5 days), in contrast to potassium sorbate (>7 days) and sorbic acid, which provided the longest extension in bait sustainability (>9 days). Preservative application can significantly extend bait longevity under unfavourable environmental conditions. Extended bait functionality is important for rodent pest control procedures in habitats where unfavourable environmental conditions prevail, such as sewers and water supply grids (collectors and pumping stations), public areas, housing facilities (boiler rooms, moist sellers, etc.).
Evaluation of the viability of old seeds of several important agricultural weeds
Persistent seed banks are equally important in agriculture and invasion biology. While seed vitality persistence exemplifies an eternal uphill battle for weed control in agriculture, it signals a potential invasiveness of species in invasion biology. Considering yield losses caused by Amaranthus retroflexus, Abutilon theophrasti, Chenopodium album and Datura stramonium in agriculture, and the importance of Ambrosia trifida as an emerging invader in Europe, the objective of this study was to test the viability and longevity of the aged seeds of these economically important weeds. Three seed viability/longevity tests were conducted: the crush test, germination test in Petri dishes, and 3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) test. The results revealed a significant variation in germination potential among the tested species. The highest vitality was observed in 7-year-old seeds of A. retroflexus (41.67 %), followed by 16-year-old A. theophrasti seeds (17.78 %), 13-year-old C. album seeds (15.00 %) and 17-yearold D. stramonium seeds (7.5 %). Furthermore, a remarkable seed longevity was documented in the tested species (with the exception of A. trifida), preserving their germination potential for over half a century. Seed germination was recorded in 49-year-old seeds of D. stramonium, 53-year-old seeds of A. retroflexus, 58-year-old seeds of A. theophrasti and 59-year-old seeds of C. album, in strong evidence of the persistence of these weed species’ seeds in the environment.
Assessing sister chromatid exchanges in human peripheral lymphocytes exposed to tetrachlorvinphos during G0 phase
While pesticides undeniably contribute to enhancing agricultural productivity, the escalating trend in their usage has given rise to a myriad of environmental and public health challenges over time. Tetrachlorvinphos, an organophosphate pesticide deemed potentially carcinogenic by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, is commonly employed to combat flies, mites, and larvae in animals, safeguarding public health in open spaces, and managing pest issues in domestic animals. We aimed to investigate the genotoxic and cytostatic effects of tetrachlorvinphos on human lymphocytes in the G0 phase of the cell cycle using the sister chromatid exchange (SCE) assay. We found that tetrachlorvinphos increased SCE values at 3 concentrations (5, 25, 50 μM). On the other hand, the increase in SCE values was found to be statistically significant only at the highest concentration (50 μM, p<0.05). We also found that the SCE value showed a linear dose-dependent increase (p=0.005). We concluded that exposure to tetrachlorvinphos had genotoxic potential on human lymphocytes in the G0 phase of the cell cycle. Additionally, exposure of cells in the G0 phase of cell cycle to tetrachlorvinphos was found to have no discernible impact on cell cycle kinetics.
A novel Wolbachia ftsZ genotype in 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' planthopper vector Hyalesthes obsoletus (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae) associated with Convolvulus arvensis
Hyalesthes obsoletus (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae) is a pan-European polyphagous planthopper known as a significant vector of the plant pathogenic bacterium ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ (stolbur phytoplasma), which poses threats to various agricultural crops. A population of H. obsoletus associated with Convolvulus arvensis in Serbia was studied to investigate the presence and genetic diversity of Wolbachia, an endosymbiotic bacterium known for its promising biological control applications. Both insect-associated microorganisms, ‘Ca. P. solani’ and Wolbachia, were found in the assessed H. obsoletus population. The analyzed vector population had a ‘Ca. P. solani’ infection rate of 50%, while Wolbachia showed a high infection rate of 80%. Wolbachia presence displayed minimal variation across genders and was independent of individuals’ phytoplasma-infection status. Genotyping of the identified ‘Ca. P. solani’ strains revealed four previously described stamp genotypes (Rqg50/St1, Rqg31/St2, STOL/St4 and M5/St28). Notably, a single novel Wolbachia ftsZ genotype, designated WHo1, was found in the assessed H. obsoletus population, providing a valuable insight into the genetic diversity of Wolbachia endosymbionts within the Cixiidae family. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated intricate relationships between WHo1 and other Wolbachia strains infecting hosts from diverse hemipteran suborders. Although Wolbachia-based strategies show promise for phytoplasma vector control, further research is needed to elucidate its potential interactions with ‘Ca. P. solani’ and its effects on vector reproduction and fitness.
Corrigendum to "Sensitivity of Cuscuta species and their hosts to Anethum graveolens essential oil"
Copyright (c) 2023 Pesticides and Phytomedicine / Pesticidi i fitomedicina
Impact of neem cake amendment in the casing soil on control of Trichoderma aggressivum Samuels & W. Gams and Lycoriella ingenua (Dufour) and mushroom yield
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Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 10]> <![endif]--> The study was focused on improvement of the integrated management strategy against green mould disease agent Trichoderma aggressivum Samuels & Gams and mushroom fly Lycoriella ingenua (Dufour) as pests of the white button mushroom Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach. The impact of neem cake amendment in casing soil on regulation of the abundance of mushroom sciarid fly adults, efficacy in controlling the green mould disease agent, and mushroom yield was evaluated. Casing soil was supplemented with different concentrations of neem cake: 1, 2.5, 5, 10 and 15%. Neem cake added as a supplement to casing soil at a rate of 2.5% reduced the number of mushroom fly adults by 83.93% and green mould disease incidence by 59.6% in comparison to the control. No adverse effect on mushroom formation, yield and quality of fruiting bodies was observed at that concentration. Amendment of 2.5% neem cake in the casing soil could be recommended for application in mushroom production to control L. ingenua and symptoms of green mould disease without negative impact on mushroom yield.
Species of the genus Parthenolecanium (Hemiptera: Coccidae) in urban environments in Serbia
Four species of soft scales from the genus Parthenolecanium have been registered in urban areas in Serbia: Parthenolecanium corni, P. fletcheri, P. pomeranicum, and P. rufulum. They all develop one generation annually and overwinter as second-instar nymphs on host twigs. P. corni reproduces by gamogenesis, while the other three species reproduce by parthenogenesis. The species were recorded on the territory of Serbia in 22 locations on 20 host plants, whereby P. corni was identified on 8 new host plants, and P. fletheri on one new host. The intensity of scale attacks and damage symptoms on the infested plants were variable. P. corni, P. fletcheri, and P. rufulum formed numerous colonies on some woody and bushy plants, causing branches of individual plants to dry and decay.
The effects of medium nutritional profile on Bacillus sp. Par 3 plant-growth promoting and biocontrol activity against Botrytis cinerea
Substantial agricultural losses resulting from plant diseases caused by different plant pathogens are one of the worldwide challenges today. Among these, Botrytis cinerea, responsible for gray mold disease, stands out for its capacity to devastate significant quantities of diverse valuable crops. Utilization of biocontrol agents for suppressing phytopathogens has become imperative, and bacteria from the genus Bacillus hold an immense potential due to their rapid replication rate, resistance to adverse environmental conditions, enhanced effectiveness in promoting plant growth and broad-spectrum activity. The objective of this study was to determine the best sources of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in cultivation media with the aim of maximizing both antimicrobial activity against B. cinerea and plant growth-promoting (PGP) potential during the early stages of cucumber plant development, exhibited by Bacillus sp. isolate Par 3. Antimicrobial activity was tested using the well diffusion method. The influence of Bacillus sp. isolate Par 3 on plant germination was tested on cucumber seeds. The largest inhibition zones were achieved in two cases, with 1) sucrose as carbon source, ammonium nitrate as nitrogen source, and diammonium hydrogen phosphate as phosphorus source and 2) glycerol as carbon source, ammonium nitrate as nitrogen source and dipotassium hydrogen phosphate as phosphorus source. Seeds treated with a culture liquid of Bacillus sp. isolate Par 3 using the optimized medium exhibited the best results in terms of cucumber germination percentage (100%), root length (53.09 mm) and shoot length (13.26 mm). Bacillus sp. Par 3 isolate was identified as Bacillus subtilis using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The results of this study underscore the significance of media optimization for the production of biocontrol agents, taking into account both antimicrobial efficacy and PGP characteristics.
Sclerotinia species in Serbia and possibilities of their control
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</xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 10]> <![endif]--> Sclerotinia species are economically important, necrotrophic and aggressive plant pathogens with a broad host range and worldwide distribution. They act as airborne or soilborne pathogens, and can be transmitted by seed. These pathogens can affect crops both during the growing season and after harvest. Yield losses due to Sclerotinia diseases in susceptible crops vary and may be as high as 100%. The most common pathogen from the genus Sclerotinia in Serbia is S. sclerotiorum. It occurs regularly on sunflower and its incidence may exceed 50% in some years, thus causing economically important crop losses in Vojvodina. Recently, two new species were detected in Serbia: S. trifolium in alfalfa and S. minor in lettuce plants. Diseases caused by Sclerotinia spp. are difficult to control due to the long-term survival of sclerotia in the soil and development of airborne ascospores. As with many other diseases, there is no single treatment that can completely control these pathogens. Implementation of multiple strategies, such as cultural practices (sanitation, crop rotation and tillage), physical, chemical and biological protection, as well as deployment of resistant cultivars, is necessary for effective disease management.
Comparative toxicity of spinetoram to Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood and its parasitoid Encarsia formosa Gahan
The role of selective new generation bionsecticides, beside their effectiveness against key pests, relies on their safety to beneficial arthropods. Spinetoram, a semi-synthetic analogue of the microbial-derived bioinsecticide spinosad is registered worldwide for application to numerous crops, but its ecotoxicological risk assessment to beneficial arthropods has hardly been documented. Moreover, this is the first report regarding the toxic effects of spinetoram on a pest- the greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), and/or its successful biocontrol agent, parasitoid Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). In laboratory conditions we assessed the acute toxicity of spinetoram insecticide (25% a.i.) to adults, nymphs and eggs of the greenhouse whitefly, as well as to adult and pupal stage of the parasitoid. In all concentration-response bioassays, the spinetoram insecticide was applied to tobacco leaves settled onto 1% agar layer in ventilated Petri dishes using a Potter spray tower. The acute toxicity parameters of spinetoram on adults of both pest and parasitoid were evaluated in residual contact bioassays, while whitefly eggs and nymphs, and pupae of the parasitoid were topically treated with a series of spinetoram concentrations, covering a range of 10-90% mortality. The lethal effects of spinetoram on parasitoid E. formosa was assessed through Selectivity ratio (SR) estimations, showing the ratios beetween median Lethal Concentrations (LC50s) estimated for the parasitoid, compared to LC50s estimated for the pest. The following LC50 values were evaluated: 4.593, 15.027 and 11.73 mg a.i./l for whitefly adults, nymphs and eggs, respectively, and 0.686 and 1.715 mg a.i./l for parasitoid adults and pupae, respectively. The calculated SR estimations were less than 1, indicating that spinetoram insecticide is non-selective towards the both tested stages of the parasitoid E. formosa. A more complete understanding of spinetoram impact on E. formosa within whitefly integrated management requires further evaluation of the sublethal effects and greenhouse trials, with an emphasis on population-level responses.
Bionomy of Coccus pseudomagnoliarum (Kuwana) (Hemiptera: Coccidae), a new species in the fauna of Serbia
Citricola scale, Coccus pseudomagnoliarum (Kuwana) (Hemiptera: Coccidae) was for the first time registered in Serbia in 2015 in the area of Belgrade on Celtis occidentalis L. C. pseudomagnoliarum develops one generation annually and overwinters as the second-instar nymph on host twigs. It forms numerous colonies on infested plants, and symptoms of its feeding appear in the form of drying leaves and twigs. In addition, large amounts of honeydew that this scale secretes reduce photosynthesis and transpiration in plants, which accelerates their decay. Citricola scale attracts many entomophagous insects which are able to reduce pest population. The parasitoid wasps Coccophagus lycimnia (Walker), Coccophagus piceae Erdos, Coccophagus scutellaris (Dalman), Coccophagus shillongensis (Hayat and Singh) (Aphelinidae), Cheiloneurus claviger Thomson and Metaphycus stanleyi Compere (Encyrtidae) were reared. C. piceae and M. stanleyi are new species in the fauna of Serbia. C. pseudomagnoliarum is a new host for the species M. stanleyi. The predators Coccinella septempunctata L., Exochomus quadripustulatus (L.) (Coccinellidae) and Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Chrysopidae) were found in scale colonies. The most efficient natural enemy of C. pseudomagnoliarum nymphs was C. lycimnia, reducing scale populations by 11-26%.
Antioxidant activity, phytotoxicity and allelopathic potential of green walnut (Juglans regia L.) fruit extract
The potential allelopathic effect of a green walnut fruit extract on seed germination and early growth of three weed species (Chenopodium album, Amaranthus retroflexus, Daucus carota) was tested, as well as its phytotoxic effect on seed germination and early growth of maize (Zea mays). Another objective was to analyze the plant extract and assess its antioxidative activity. Antioxidative activity of the plant extract was evaluated based on its ability to neutralize DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical and capacity for iron reduction using the FRAP method. Inhibition of the evaluated parameters (total germination and seedling length) decreased proportionally with decreasing concentrations of extract solution of green walnut fruit. The parameters of seedling growth were also found to show greater susceptibility than total seed germination of all three of the tested weed species. Although the seed bioassay results indicated a high inhibitory effect on germination and early growth of the tested weeds, they also revealed phytotoxic activity during early growth of the cultivated Z. mays.
Stemphylium vesicarium (wallr.) E.G. Simmons: an onion plant pathogen and options for suppression
Onion (Allium cepa L.) is one of the most important vegetable species grown worldwide, including the Republic of Serbia. Leaf blight, caused by the fungus Stemphylium vesicarium, is a serious and destructive disease of onion leaves around the world, which limits the quality and quantity of bulbs and seeds. Yield decrease occurs due to a reduced photosynthetic area, which leads to the formation of smaller bulbs of poorer quality. The recommended strategy for control and reduction of SLB inoculum includes crop rotation with other vegetable species or cereals that are not hosts of these fungi, the use of resistant onion genotypes, weed removal, adequate use of nitrogen fertilizers, control of thrips (Thrips spp.), as well as seed treatment, considering that seeds play a significant role in the spread of pathogens. Timely and correct application of foliar fungicides is certainly the key strategy. The timing of application of fungicides with different modes of action is crucial for controlling Stemphylium vesicarium in onion.
Sensitivity of Cuscuta species and their hosts to Anethum graveolens essential oil
The purpose of this study was to examine in vitro the herbicidal effect of an essential oil of dill (Anethum graveolens) on germination and early seedling growth of two parasitic flowering plants in the genus Cuscuta (Cuscuta campestris and C. epithymum), as well as its phytotoxic impact on germination and early seedling growth of two host plants (alfalfa and red clover). Chemical analysis of the essential oil extracted from dill leaves and flowers showed that carvone (51.69%) and limonene (39.88%) predominated. The results of a seed bioassay showed inhibitory effects of different concentrations (1%, 0.5%, 0.1%, and 0.01% v v-1) of the essential oil of dill leaves on germination and early seedling growth of both tested species of the genus Cuscuta. Germination of C. campestris seeds was inhibited between 67% and 94%, while seed germination of C. epithymum was inhibited between 67% and 100%. A similar inhibitory effect was observed regarding the seedling length parameter. Moreover, the bioassay results indicated significant phytotoxic effects of dill essential oil on the seed germination and early seedling growth of host plants. Red clover proved more sensitive as even the lowest concentration inhibited germination by 35%, while higher concentrations caused 70-100% inhibition. On the other hand, lower concentations inhibited germination of alfalfa seeds by 5%, while higher concentrations caused greater inhibition (36-100%). Future research should include both pot experiments and field micro-trials to determine herbicidal, i.e. phytotoxic, effects of dill essential oil on parasitic flowering plants and cultivated species.
Corrigendum to “The dark-red spider mite, Tetranychus ludeni Zacher (Acari: Tetranychidae) – a new pest in Serbian acarofauna”
The original published version of the article contained two errors: (1) In Table 1B: tomato was not indicated as host plant for T. evansi (2) In Figure 1: After carefully looking at the previously drawings of T. ludeni body parts, we concluded that it is necessary to give new, more precise drawings of male aedeagus and female tibia/tarsus I
Can Sclerotinia stem and root rot be managed effectively without causing environmental imbalance in soil?
Sclerotinia stem and root rot, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is considered to be an important soil-borne disease of over 400 plant species, including a wide range of species important for agriculture. In vitro and in vivo sensitivity of S. sclerotiorum to several commercial fungicides and biofungicides was studied. The highest efficacy was achieved by boscalid (98%) and fluopyram (80%), and the lowest by a B. subtilis-based product (5%). The isolate was sensitive to all tested products in vitro. Considering the tested synthetic fungicides, fluopyram exhibited the highest toxicity (EC50=0.003 mg/l), while captan exhibited the lowest (EC50=8.94mg/l). Even lower efficacy was achieved by tea tree oil and B. subtilis-based products. The environmental impact of pesticides and biopesticides used for Sclerotinia control was assessed. Modeling of predicted environmental concentrations in soil (PECsoil), coupled with literature toxicity data, served for assessment of pesticides soil risks. A high long-term risk for earthworms was revealed for captan and thiophanate-methyl. Based on both efficacy and risk assessment results, fluopyram was found to have the best properties of all tested conventional pesticides, while tea tree oil exerted better performance than the Bacillus product. Further investigation of combined use of conventional and biopesticides might reveal new perspectives regarding effective Sclerotinia control, while simultaneously reducing negative environmental impact.
Influence of Xanthomonas euvesicatoria on quality parameters of pepper seed from Serbia
The present study focused on detecting bacteria of the Xanthomonas spp. complex (X. euvesicatoria, X. vesicatoria, X. perforans and X. gardneri) and examining their influence on certain quality parameters of pepper seed collected from the territory of Smederevska Palanka (Serbia). The analysis included 27 non-commercial pepper seed genotypes (including chili and sweet pepper) collected in 2021. Several parameters of the quality of analyzed pepper seed (germination energy, total germination, moisture and seed health) were determined. The results showed that out of a total of 27 analyzed samples of pepper seed, the presence of X. euvesicatoria was detected in 13 of them. The presence of X. vesicatoria, X. gardneri and X. perforans was not confirmed. Germination energy of infected seed was 52-84%, and of bacteria-free seed 63-90%; total germination of infected seed was 66-91%, and of bacteria-free seed 80-95%. Seed moisture of infected seed samples was 6.1-12%, and of bacteria-free seed 6.2-8.1%. These parameters did not show significant statistical difference (p>0.05). The presence of seed-borne fungi Fusarium sp. accounted for up to 3% in 25 samples, while it was up to 6% in the remaining two; Alternaria sp. ranked from 1-4% in 25 samples, and up to 5% in only two samples. The results led to a conclusion that the bacterium X. euvesicatoria is the predominant pathogen of the Xanthomonas spp. complex, but it did not affect the quality parameters of the tested pepper seed.
Management of ginger bacterial wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum) epidemics by soil solarization and botanical mulching at Tepi, southwestern Ethiopia
Ginger is one of the most valuable cash crops for farmers in different parts of Ethiopia. Bacterial wilt disease, caused by Ralstonia solanacearum, creates major limitation to production of ginger in Ethiopia. Heavy losses due to the disease occur regularly, causing an additional impediment for production in infected areas. Field tests were conducted at Tepi, South-Western Ethiopia, during the 2019 and 2020 main cropping seasons to assess the effects of soil solarization and botanical mulch on epidemics of bacterial wilt of ginger. Four soil solarization periods, lasting two, four, six or eight weeks before planting were integrated with four different botanical mulch treatments after planting: vetivar grass, lemon grass, Chinese chive and Lantana camara. Unsolarized and unmulched plots were used as the control for comparison. Treatments were arranged in factorial arrangements with randomized complete block design with three replications. The outcomes indicated that soil solarization integrated with lemon grass mulch treatments significantly reduced bacterial wilt mean incidence by 22.1% up to 42.2%, compared to control plots. These treatments also dramatically reduced AUDPC and disease progress rates. Soil solarization for eight weeks integrated with lemon grass mulch resulted in the lowest (42.2%) final mean disease severity and AUDPC (33.8%) in comparison to the control. Typical results of this study indicated that soil solarization integrated with botanical mulch treatments were effective in slowing dawn the epidemics of bacterial wilt and in recovering ginger production and productivity, and they are consequently recommended for application in the study areas along with other crop management schemes.