Journal on Processing and Energy in Agriculture
The topic of the journal is the field of research of postharvest and food technologies. In addition, renewable energy sources in agriculture are an important part. Also: biotechnology, seed production, general trends in agriculture, etc. We remain open to other areas related to agriculture and food technology.
National Society of Processing and Energy in Agriculture, Novi Sad
VARIABILITY IN GRAIN QUALITY PARAMETERS OF WHEAT GENO-TYPES GROWN IN DIFFERENT LOCATIONS
Wheat is a staple food for many nations worldwide, providing essential nutrients and energy. Five local wheat cultivars were grown at four different locations in Serbia to investigate variations in grain quality. Standard laboratory procedures were used to analyze grain test weight, chemical composition, and gluten content of whole-wheat flour. The test weight of all samples ranged from 71.20 to 80.76 kg/hl, making them suitable for industrial purposes (≥73 kg/hl). However, only 65% of the samples met the quality requirement for human consumption (≥76 kg/hl), as specified by Serbian regulations on the quality of grain, mill, bakery products, and pasta. Gluten content varied from 20.9% to 43.8%. The highest starch content was found in the cultivar Aurelija from Donja Trepča (67.46% d.m.), while the highest protein content (16.04% d.m.) was observed in the cultivar Osatka from Zemun Polje. Significant differences in chemical composition, gluten content, and test weight were noted among the genotypes and across locations. The findings indicate that both genotype and location (i.e., environment) have a considerable effect on grain quality. Nevertheless, these quality parameters are considered high quality under Serbian regulations for cereal grains and products.
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal on Processing and Energy in Agriculture
GENDER INEQUALITY IN STEM AND RENEWABLE ENERGY EDUCATION IN UGANDA: MAKERSPACES AS PATHWAYS TO GENDER-RESPONSIVE LEARNING
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It highlights the societal and innovation costs of women’s underrepresentation and explores makerspaces as inclusive, practical environments. The research aims to place girls’ and women’s STEM pathways within Uganda’s energy transition and evaluate makerspaces as a catalyst for gender-responsive learning and skills development. Using a sequential explanatory mixed-methods approach, the study incorporates: (i) a focused review; (ii) empirical fieldwork at universities and the Makerere University makerspace; and (iii) three iterative Training-of-Trainers cycles, involving surveys, interviews, focus groups, observations, and artefact reviews, alongside quantitative and qualitative analyses of inclusion and pedagogy. Results reveal deeply rooted structural barriers—such as unpaid care, labour-market discrimination, and competitive cultures—that restrict women’s participation. Well-designed makerspace training enhanced technical skills, confidence, and perceived relevance; female participation increased across training rounds, although the risk of male dominance remains without targeted measures. The study recommends coordinated, multi-level actions: adopting gender-responsive pedagogy, increasing female representation and mentorship in STEM faculties, and integrating makerspaces into supportive policies and curricula to promote scalable, gender-inclusive, hands-on learning for renewable energy careers.
The HYDRODYNAMICS AND MASS TRANSFER IN A VIBRATING PLATE EXTRACTION COLUMNS
ABSTRACT In this work experimental data available in the literature presenting the results of different studies on hydrodynamics and mass transfer in two-phase liquid-liquid (L-L) extraction columns with vibrating perforated plates (VPE) were considered. The data for different two-phase L-L systems were analyzed. The following hydrodynamic characteristics were observed: the mean drop diameter, dispersed-phase hold-up, relative velocity, and flooding velocity. The influence of operating parameters such as the agitation speed, superficial velocity of the continuous and dispersed phases, and the direction of mass transfer on the hydrodynamic characteristics of the VPE column was established. Empirical correlations for the prediction of hydrodynamic characteristics based on the data for operating parameters: column geometry, and physical properties of the fluids were presented and analyzed from the point of view of applicability. In addition, the mass transfer coefficients in VPE columns were presented and commented.
THIN-LAYER DRYING KINETICS AND COLOR CHANGES OF POTATO SLICES DURING FAR-INFRARED VACUUM DRYING
In this study far infrared vacuum drying kinetics and change of color quality parameters of potato slices were analyzed. The experimental data set of drying kinetics was obtained on the experimental set-up designed to imitate an industrial far infrared vacuum dryer. For approximation of the experimental data with regard to the moisture ratio (MR) three well known thin-layers drying models from scientific and engineering literature and model of Mitrevski et al., were used. The performed statistical analyzes show that the model of Mitrevski et al., has the best statistical performance than well-known thin-layer drying models. The estimated values of moisture diffusivity of potato slices obtained from this study are within the range from 5.14 × 10⁻⁸ to 5.01 × 10⁻⁹ m² s⁻¹. A negative effect on the total color change of far infrared vacuum dried potato slices was observed with increasing of temperature of infrared heaters and vacuum pressure.
PRODUCTION AND ISOLATION OF POLYSACCHARIDES FROM MYCELIA OF NATURAL ISOLATES OF HIGHER FUNGI
The traditional use of higher fungi in medicine and nutrition is largely attributed to their rich content of bioactive polysaccharides. This study evaluated the ability of four fungal isolates: Ganoderma resinaceum NMKSS, Bjerkander aadusta TMF1, Fomes fomentarius TMF2and Ganoderma sp.to produce intracellular (IPS) and extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) during submerged fermentation using glucose as the carbon source. Polysaccharides were extracted from dried mycelial biomass and culture supernatants, respectively, and quantified via the phenol-sulfuric acid assay. Initial screening revealed that EPS yields ranging from 0.1 to 0.759 mg/ml and IPS yields between 0.5 and 113.3 mg/g dry biomass. Notably, B. adusta TMF1 and F. fomentarius TMF2 exhibited significantly higher polysaccharide production and were selected for further work. The influence of organic nitrogen sources on polysaccharide yield was assessed, demonstrating that peptone supplementation maximized both EPS and IPS production. F. fomentarius TMF2 achieved the highest EPS yield of 0.84 mg/mL, conversely, B. adusta TMF1 produced a maximum IPS yield of 134.12 mg/g dry biomass. Yeast extract favored biomass accumulation but was less effective in stimulating polysaccharide synthesis. These findings suggest that nitrogen source composition critically influences the balance between fungal growth and polysaccharide production. Further research is needed to optimize culture conditions and fully exploit the biotechnological potential of these isolates for food and pharmaceutical applications.
ENHANCING PEELING EFFICIENCY IN GINGER PROCESSING: A MODIFIED MECHANICAL APPROACH
The growing demand for ginger in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries has exposed the limitations of manual peeling, which is labor‑intensive, time‑consuming, and prone to product loss. This study presents the design, fabrication, and evaluation of a locally sourced ginger peeling machine for small‑to‑medium scale processors. The machine was constructed using 3 mm angle iron for the frame and a galvanized steel drum (Ø410 mm × 430 mm, thickness 1.5 mm) as the peeling chamber. A 6 hp prime mover operating at 2400 rpm provided power through a bevel gear (1:1) and pulley system (1:6), driving four paddles fitted with brushes arranged 180° apart. Water was introduced at a ratio of 1:2 (ginger to water) to aid peeling and lifting action. Performance evaluation was conducted with batch sizes of 10–30 kg and peeling durations of 10–20 minutes. Parameters measured included peeling efficiency, product damage rate, throughput capacity, and labor savings. Results showed an optimum peeling efficiency of 79.4% at 20 kg batch size and 15 minutes duration, with product damage kept below 10%. Throughput capacity ranged between 60–90 kg/hr, and labor savings were significant, reducing processing time by ~75% and manpower by ~60% compared to manual peeling. The study concludes that the machine effectively bridges the gap between manual and industrial systems, offering a cost‑effective, hygienic, and efficient solution for ginger processing. Its reliance on locally available materials ensures affordability and ease of maintenance, while its performance demonstrates potential for adoption in rural and semi‑industrial contexts.
MICROCYCLONES FOR POLLEN SEPARATION FROM AIR STREAM
The increasing concentration of airborne pollen presents significant challenges for public health and indoor air quality, resulting in development of efficient and compact separation technologies. This study focuses on the development and performance evaluation of microcyclones for the separation of pollen particles from air stream. Microcyclones utilize centrifugal forces generated by swirling airflow to separate particles based on their aerodynamic properties, offering advantages such as low maintenance, absence of filter media and continuous operation. The design methodology of the microcyclone is presented, including geometric parameters and air flow parameters selection to enhance pollen collection efficiency while minimizing pressure drop. In this study, a numerical simulation was performed to analyze the flow field prior to conducting the simulation of pollen particle separation from the air stream. The results indicated that properly designed microcyclones can achieve effective pollen removal with acceptable energy consumption, making them very suitable for different air pollutant analysis. The findings contribute to the advancement of microscale inertial separation devices for airborne allergen control. Keywords: separation, microdevices, cyclones, microcyclone, pollen
This paper contains an overview of fabrication methods used for construction for different microfluidic devices and some example applications. All the different procedures, methods and their respective variants are collectively called microfabrication methods. Microfabrication as a field holds great value in microfluidics as the fabrication method closely determines the possible application of the device. The overview of fabrication methods can be given regarding the mechanical properties of the materials used. In this case the observed mechanical property is the rigidity of the material, and they are classified as hard, plastic and soft materials. Other material mechanical properties affect the possibility of use in hot or cold, reactive or neutral environments and one of the most important characteristics of microfluidic devices biocompatibility. Some of the most widespread methods shown in the paper are photolithography and its variants, etching methods used for silicone and glass, PDMS molding, micro milling and 3D printing. As well as paper microfluidics as a great representation of biocompatible microfluidic devices used in medical applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal on Processing and Energy in Agriculture
R libraries for scientometrics on artificial intelligence in agricultural monitoring
The deep integration of artificial intelligence (AI)-driven processes with adaptive crop monitoring design has emerged as a pivotal driving force for the environmental modelling of dynamic agriculture landscapes. AI-native mapping represents a fundamental change for cartographic solutions in engineering, natural and technical sciences, since it embeds automation into methodologies. This is especially important for Geographic Information Systems (GIS) where automation of spatial data processing is essential. Agricultural landscapes transform seasonally and yearly, which requires precise environmental forecasting. In this study, we provide an overview of recent methodological advancements in three interdisciplinary areas: environmental monitoring of agriculture landscape dynamics in soil studies, AI applications in GIS (machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) techniques), and bibliometric analysis using R based libraries (Bibliometrix, Treemap and Wordcloud), and Mendeley reference system. We investigate how novel AI and ML methodologies have been applied to scalable data-driven analysis in agriculture and soil studies and discuss the issues associated with their application. This review is based on the critical pool of over 100 papers indexed in the recognised databases Scopus, Web of Science (WoS), PubMed, and Google Scholar for in-depth analysis of AI applications in soil and environmetnal studies. We outline future perspectives for AI in environmental analysis, identifying best practices for AI implementation in GIS and systematic benchmarking in remote sensing for soil studies.
DETERMINATION OF ALTERNARIA MYCOTOXINS IN TOMATO: METHOD VALIDATION
Alternaria alternata je prepoznata kao najčešći soj koji napada paradajz. Kontaminacija paradajza mikotoksinima roda Alternaria predstavlja ozbiljan zdravstveni rizik, usled njihove sposobnosti akumuliranja u plodovima i negativnog efekta po ljudsko zdravlje usled konzumiranja. Među glavnim mikotoksinima koje ovaj soj proizvodi i koji se nalaze kao kontaminanti u hrani su alternariol (AOH), alternariol monometil etar (AME) i tentoksin (TEN). Za simultano kvantifikovanje AOH, AME i TEN u paradajzu, korišćena je tečna hromatografija sa tandem masenom spektrometrijom (LC-MS/MS). Ova metoda je validovana u skladu sa EC/401/2006 i EC/2022/553. Detekcija ispitivanih analita izvršena je primenom QuEChERS ekstrakcije, nakon čega je usledila LC-MS/MS analiza. Mikotoksini su efikasno ekstrahovani iz obogaćenih uzoraka paradajza, a dobijeni rezultati ukazuju da je validovana metoda bila robusna i pouzdana. Regulative Evropske unije niti, kao ni Pravilnik o maksimalnim nivoima određenih kontaminanata u hrani (Sl. gl. RS br. 73/2024, 90/2024, 47/2025 i 61/2025), ne propisuju maksimalne nivoe Alternaria mikotoksina u hrani, Evropska komisija je izdala Preporuku (EU) 2022/553 za praćenje prisutnosti ovih toksina u hrani. Preporuka pruža smernice za nadzor i indikativne nivoe, ali ne precizira standardizovane metode ili obavezne maksimalne koncentracije. U tom kontekstu, razvoj i validacija pouzdanih analitičkih metoda su ključni. Validovana metoda je pokazala visoke odzive za sva tri mikotoksina, odličnu linearost u opsegu od 2–100 µg kg⁻¹ (R²>0.99), granicu kvantifikacije od 4 µg kg⁻¹ i granicu detekcije od 1.33 µg kg⁻¹. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na pouzdanu i preciznu metodu za analizu Alternaria toksina u paradajzu. Ključne reči: Alternaria mikotoksini, paradajz, validacija, LC-MS/MS
Thermal Performance Comparison of Carbonized and Uncarbonized Briquettes Derived from Maize Agricultural Waste
This study presents a comparative evaluation of the thermal performance and combustion characteristics of four biomass briquette samples derived from maize residues: uncarbonized maize cob (Sample A), uncarbonized cob-stalk blend (Sample B), carbonized maize cob (Sample C), and carbonized cob-stalk blend (Sample D). Briquettes were produced using cassava starch as binder and shaped into standardized moulds cylindrical for uncarbonized and cuboidal for carbonized samples. Key performance metrics including density, moisture content, ash content, calorific value, fuel consumption rate, cooking efficiency, and fuel efficiency were analysed using ASTM protocols and empirical equations. Results showed that uncarbonized briquettes exhibited higher calorific values and mass, with Sample A recording the highest energy yield. However, Sample B demonstrated superior cooking efficiency (17.285%) and fuel efficiency (19.765%), coupled with the lowest fuel consumption rate (0.985 kg/hr), indicating optimal combustion dynamics. Carbonized briquettes, particularly Sample D, offered cleaner combustion and competitive fuel efficiency (18.235%) despite slightly lower energy values. These findings suggest that blending maize cob and stalk enhances briquette performance, and that uncarbonized briquettes especially cob-stalk mixtures offer a viable, low-cost solution for household energy needs in rural settings.
HYDRODYNAMIC CAVITATION IN VENTURI CHANNELS WITH DIFFERENT DIVER-GENT ANGLES
Hydrodynamic cavitation occurs in hydraulic systems when flow restrictions increase velocity and decrease pressure below vapor pressure. To study cavitation phenomena, simplified geometries such as Venturi channels are commonly used for experiments and numerical modeling. A Venturi channel gradually narrows to a throat before expanding at a divergent angle, influencing cavitation characteristics. This study experimentally investigates the effect of divergent angles on cavitation formation and dynamics. Three 3D-printed inserts with different divergent angles were tested in a plexiglass cavitation tunnel. High-speed imaging (20,000 fps) with a Photron Fastcam SA-Z captured cavitation behavior, and an in-house Python script analyzed vapor projected area (a proxy for vapor volume) and cavity length. Results show that increasing the divergent angle reduces attached cavity length but produces larger detached cavitation clouds that travel farther before collapsing. The total cavitation projected area increased with larger divergent angles due to upstream movement of the cloud shedding point. These findings highlight the significant influence of divergent angle on cavitation behavior, with potential implications for cavitation-induced effects like erosion.
SOME ASPECTS OF POSITIONING PHOTO VOLTAIC PANELS IN AGROVOLTAICS APPLICATIONS
The paper addresses some of the challenges which arise from the contemporary initiatives and efforts to advance in the field of agrivoltaics (Solar and Agriculture Co-Location) applications. Due to the fact that during agrivoltaics applications there is normally a possibility to choose the orientation of photovoltaic panels, a challenge arises: what is their optimum orientation and way of mounting. This paper describes complex methodology employed in the research (literature analysis, photovoltaic installation, one-year measurement of key quantities, data post processing, and analysis). The results received are presented in graphical manner. They tackle basic correlation between the electric power produced in correlation to the orientation of photovoltaic panels, all dependable of the time in the day and period of the year. Based on such results, this paper offers some answers regarding optimal azimuth and tilt angles of photovoltaic panels. The results and discussion may be of help when deciding the position of photovoltaic panels in agrivoltaics applications, but also for small household units in rural environment.
YIELD OF EARLY POTATOES IN THE CONDITIONS OF WESTERN SERBIA
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 10]> <![endif]--> The goal of the research was to determine the variation in the yield of early potatoes in the conditions of western Serbia. During 2021 and 2022, the experiment was carried out at the site of KO Bogatić, the area of ​​the village of Belotić (65 m above sea level, chernozem), 44˚ 49' N, 19˚ 32' E. The research was set up with three potato varieties: one early (Colomba) and two medium early (Esmee and Memphis). The analysis of productive traits showed very significant differences (r<0.01) and (r<0.05) under the influence of the variety (factor G). The influence of the year (factor E) and the interaction of factors (E × G) on the examined productive traits of early potatoes were absent. The mid-early varieties Esmee and Memphis showed a significantly lower yield of early potatoes, compared to the early variety Colomba. A significant positive correlation was found between the yield of new potatoes and the number of tubers per plant (r = 0.78447, p<0.05). We can conclude that the Colomba variety, due to its early maturity and genetic predisposition, formed and bulking the tubers the fastest, which directly influenced the achievement of the highest yield of early potatoes.
INCORPORATING NEXUS ECOLABELS INTO HOUSEHOLD LEVEL FOOD WASTE MITIGATION STRATEGIES – ENVIRONMENTAL PERSPECTIVES FROM LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT
This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of the economic and environmental ramifications of food waste reduction through the implementation of Smart NEXUS Ecolabels. Employing the JRC Food Waste Prevention Calculator, the analysis centers on a medium-case scenario wherein household food waste is curtailed by 20%. The results reveal that mitigating food waste at this scale yields substantial benefits, with each ton of food waste prevented equating to the conservation of approximately 78 meals, reduction of 323 kg CO₂ equivalent emissions and an estimated cost savings of 133 euros in production and waste management expenditures. Extrapolating these findings to the EU’s aggregate annual food waste, the potential large-scale impact is profound, encompassing 4.6 billion meals saved, 19.1 million metric tons of CO₂ equivalent emissions mitigated, and an estimated economic benefit of 7.85 billion euros. The environmental impact assessment, conducted across 16 midpoint categories, underscores the pivotal role of targeted food waste prevention strategies in curbing pollution, conserving natural resources, and bolstering food security. These findings substantiate the transformative potential of Smart NEXUS Ecolabels in facilitating systemic reform, reinforcing the necessity of embedding food waste reduction measures within broader sustainability frameworks to enhance resource efficiency at scale.
Dynamics Analysis of Cutting Force in Cam Mechanism Using Bond Graph Modeling
U radu je prikazan način određivanja pojačanja pogonskog motora (elektromotora) kulisnog mehanizma univerzalnog struga za obradu metala skudanjem strugotine. Proračunom vrednosti promenljivih matematičkih parametara modela u funkciji vremena dobija se dinamičko ponašanje ovog modela bregastog mehanizma. Bregasti mehanizam je šematski prikazan fizički apstraktno preko bond grafova i preko čvrstog nosioca programa i obuhvata ju automatsko i programirano kretanje struga preko čvrstog nosioca programa.
OPTIMIZATION OF CORN DRYING METHODS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF TRADITIONAL VARIETIES AND MODERN HYBRIDS
Understanding the effects of different drying methods on different corn varieties, both before and after drying, is crucial for selecting the most suitable hybrids and optimizing drying techniques. In this study, traditional white and red corn varieties and modern hybrid were investigated and the efficiency of vacuum drying and fluidized bed drying at temperatures of 70°C, 80°C and 90°C were compared. The results show that vacuum drying is generally more effective in maintaining quality, while fluidized bed drying offers a significantly faster drying rate. Hybrid corn showed the fastest moisture loss, while traditional varieties showed greater resistance to drying. These results provide valuable insights into the most suitable drying conditions for the different corn varieties, which ultimately improve product quality and overall processing efficiency. Future research should investigate additional technological factors such as energy consumption, drying uniformity and effects on nutrient composition to further refine drying methods for commercial application.
EVALUATION OF TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY CHANGE IN SERBIAN FARMS
The main aim of the research is to examine the productivity change across farms with different types of production. The study focuses on family farms in the Republic of Serbia that were part of the FADN (Farm Accountancy Data Network) sample over a seven-year period (2015-2021). The Malmquist index is used to calculate the total factor productivity (TFP) change during the observed period, in conjunction with previously applied Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The defined model is output-oriented with constant return to scale. On the output side, it considers total output value (crop, livestock and other outputs), while the input side includes multiple variables: labour input, utilised agricultural area, intermediate consumption and total assets value. The research results have shown that the total factor productivity of the observed farms increased by 8.0% over the analysed seven-year period. The increase in farm productivity ranges from 0.3% in specialist permanent crops (vineyards and fruits) to 11.8% in specialist field crops. All farming types experienced technical progress, but field crop farms have definitely benefited the most. Field crop farms consistently acquire new and modern equipment, enabling them to achieve better outcomes with the same inputs. This undoubtedly has a positive impact on farm productivity, eventually increasing the overall economic viability of farms.
SAGE ESSENTIAL OIL EXHIBITS ANTIOXIDATIVE AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY IN CHICKEN COOKED SAUSAGES
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Name="toc 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 7"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 9"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Normal Indent"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="footnote text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="annotation text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="header"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="footer"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="index heading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="table of figures"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="envelope address"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="envelope return"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="footnote reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="annotation reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="line number"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="page number"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="endnote reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="endnote text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="table of authorities"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="macro"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toa heading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Bullet"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Number"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Bullet 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Bullet 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Bullet 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Bullet 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Number 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Number 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Number 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Number 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Closing"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Signature"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Body Text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Body Text Indent"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Continue"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Continue 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Continue 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Continue 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Continue 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Message Header"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Salutation"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Date"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Body Text First 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QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Document Map"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Plain Text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="E-mail Signature"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Top of Form"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Normal (Web)"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Acronym"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Address"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Cite"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Code"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Definition"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Keyboard"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Preformatted"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Sample"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Typewriter"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Variable"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Normal Table"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="annotation subject"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="No List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Outline List 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Outline 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SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Colorful 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Columns 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Columns 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Columns 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Columns 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Columns 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table 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UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 8"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table 3D effects 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table 3D effects 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table 3D effects 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Contemporary"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Elegant"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Professional"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Subtle 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Subtle 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Web 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table 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Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List 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Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/> 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6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Mention"/> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 10]> <![endif]--> Sage (Salvia officinalis L.) represents medicinal plant from Lamiaceae family, which has been recognized for various biological activities due to its complex chemical profile. Besides widely used application in pharmaceutical industry, sage has found application as flavoring agent in food products. The effect of sage essential oil (SEO) obtained from sage (Salvia officinalis L.) on antioxidative and antimicrobial activity in cooked chicken sausages was investigated. pH, instrumental parameters of color (CIE L*, CIE a* and CIE b*), thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) value, microbial profile and sensory panel scores were examined. The addition of SEO in concentrations from 0.010 to 0.100 µl/g significantly (p<0.05) affected the color of the product by reducing in lightness (CIE L*) and increasing in redness (CIE a*). The inclusion of SEO in concentrations of 0.075 and 0.100 µL/g significantly (p<0.05) reduced the lipid oxidation defined by TBARS test. All five tested concentrations of SEO resulted in significant (p<0.05) inhibition of bacterial growth. This study shows that the sage essential oil could be used in processing of cooked chicken sausages in order to improve oxidative and microbial stability as well as to enhance their color characteristics, without negative implications on flavor of the final meat products.
Storing grain in silos cells and floor storage does not end its life cycle. Biochemical processes are active in the grain, most notably aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration, which contribute to increased moisture and temperature in stored grain. Many factors contribute to the intensity of respiration; temperatures of the grain, type of grain, presence of damage or impurities, presence of grain pests, etc. In most cases, we are unable to resolve these issues without moving (elevating) the grain. However, there is one important factor that we can manage in the storage, the temperature of the stored grain and the relative air humidity in the intergranular space. When the temperature of stored grain is lowered the intensity of respiration is lowered as well. Depending on the quality of the equipment lowering the temperature in the grain mound can be accomplished in three ways: - “elevation”, - cooling the grain with cooled air (granifrigor device) - cooling the grain with surrounding air – active ventilation Cooling the grain with surrounding air (active ventilation) is a technically adequate and investment-acceptable method used by most silos, especially when compared to cooling the grain with cooled air (granifrigor device). With adequate and timely utilization of the active ventilation system, it is possible to achieve an effect that mimics that of a grainfrigor device, but with lower exploitation and investment costs.
NUTRITIONAL, ANTIOXIDANT AND SENSORY PROPERTIES OF CEREAL BARS FORTIFIED BY EDIBLE FLOWERS
The aim of this study was to determine the antioxidant activity, total polyphenols, and phenolic acids, as well as total dry matter, fat content, crude protein, and ash content in cereal bars fortified with a 5 % addition of edible flowers. The prepared products were also assessed through sensory evaluation using a 9-point hedonic scale, which considered overall appearance, aroma, taste, consistency, aftertaste, and overall acceptability. The following variants of cereal bars were prepared: a control variant (without added flowers), a variant with elderberry flowers (EF), a variant with lavender flowers (LF), a variant with calendula flowers (CF), and a variant with damascene rose flowers (RD). Antioxidant activity ranged from 3.15 mg TEAC/g (RD) to 0.83 mg TEAC/g (ML). The total polyphenol content ranged from 3.39 mg GAE/g (RD) to 0.91 mg GAE/g (LF; GAE). The content of total phenolic acids was highest in the variant with elderberry flowers (11.80 mg CAE/g) and calendula (9.80 mg CAE/g). The values for total dry matter, fat, and crude protein did not change significantly, remaining at levels of 79 % (dry matter), 15 % (fat), and 12 % (crude protein) in the analyzed samples. The ash content increased with the addition of edible flowers, reaching its highest level in the variant with calendula flowers (2.02 %). The sensory evaluation of the prepared cereal bars indicated that the aroma and taste were characteristic of the flowers, and the consistency was deemed satisfactory.
PROCESSING EFFECT ON ANTI-NUTRITIONAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF TRIFOLIATE YAM FLOUR VARIETIES
This research investigated whether 72 hours of fermentation can eliminate or reduce those harmful microorganisms and chemicals in the food content of the trifoliate yam that impose several challenges in human life and exploit and improve the numerous benefits associated with trifoliate yam. Freshly harvested trifoliate yams were subjected to natural fermentation for 72 hours, dried, and milled to produce trifoliate yam flour. The anti-nutritional and microbiological properties of the processed flour were determined. Fermentation significantly reduced the anti-nutritional properties of the trifoliate yam flour at p < 0.05 apart from flavonoid which increased at 72 hours fermentation period. For microbiological properties mould count, yeast count, and S.aureus were only detected and their average values for the unfermented and fermented samples were 31.66 x 103, 18.66 x102, 25.00 x104 and 35.33 x 103, 27.33 x 102, 38.66 x 104 respectively. It is therefore concluded that the fermentation reduced anti-nutritional properties to an extent that is friendly to mankind, increased the basic required minerals necessary to combat malnutrition and inadequate supply of protein-based food, and has a higher level of general acceptability.
Design And Fabrication of an On-Farm Multipurpose Cabinet Dryer
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Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Mention"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Smart Hyperlink"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Hashtag"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Unresolved Mention"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Smart Link"/> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 10]> <![endif]--> The design and fabrication of an on-farm multipurpose cabinet dryer were carried out to address the drying needs of small and medium-scale farmers by providing an efficient, mobile, and sustainable solution for post-harvest processing. The dryer operates with a required air volume of 31.8 m³/min, powered by a blower with a speed of 36,083 rpm, a pressure coefficient of 0.65, and a flow coefficient of 0.69, requiring 162 kW of power input. Heat transfer calculations indicated conduction heat transfer of 21,600 W/m.K, convection at 5.8 x 10⁵ W/m².K, and radiation at 1.85 x 10²¹ W/m², with an overall heat transfer coefficient of 1.85 x 10²¹ W/m².K. The energy source for the dryer is solid fuel, and the design incorporates a lagged drying chamber to minimize heat loss. A fan is mounted on top of the chamber for regulated exhaust of humid air, while solar power operates the fans for energy efficiency. Mobility is enhanced through two wheels, and the blower is connected to the heat exchanger through a frustum-shaped vacuum to ensure even air distribution. Key considerations included the availability of materials, cost, and durability, resulting in an efficient, cost-effective, and sustainable drying solution suitable for on-farm and off-farm operations. This dryer is expected to significantly improve crop drying processes, enhance productivity, and reduce post-harvest losses.
PROFITABILITY DETERMINANTS OF MILL COMPANIES FROM THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA
In order to assess the profitability of mill companies and identify influencing factors, 30 companies operating in the Republic of Serbia from 2010 to 2019 were analyzed. The profitability of these companies was measured using the ROA indicator. Internal factors influencing profitability included liquidity, indebtedness, financial leverage, asset structure indicator, total asset turnover ratio, and Z-score, while external factors considered were the gross domestic product growth rate and inflation. The analysis of the collected financial data began with the application of descriptive statistics to gain a clearer understanding of their business performance and the economic environment in which they operate. Following the descriptive statistical analysis, a panel regression method was employed to determine the impact of the observed internal and external factors on the profitability of milling companies. Based on the estimated panel regression model, it was found that the statistically significant factors influencing the profitability of the observed companies include liquidity, financial leverage,tangibility, total asset turnover ratio, Z-score, and inflation. Among these significant factors, only Z-score had a positive impact on profitability, while the other factors negatively affected the profitability of the observed companies.
PLASMA-ASSISTED EXTRACTION OF COMMON NETTLE BY-PRODUCTS
Nettle (Urtica dioica) is a wild plant rich in flavonoids, carotenoids, phytosterols, and terpenes. It has exceptional pharmaceutical potential due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and diuretic properties. It is used in food, as tea, or in the form of dry or liquid extracts. To improve the characteristics, bioavailability, and stability of extracts, extractions with environmentally acceptable solvents, green physical treatments, and fermentation with probiotic bacteria are used. Green solvents such as water, ethanol, and biocompatible eutectic liquids are suitable for obtaining extracts following the principles of sustainable development. Innovative physical treatments such as non-thermal plasma treatment can ensure better extraction and microbiological stability, especially of aqueous extracts. Also, bacterial fermentations, such as Ligilactobacillus salivarius, can metabolize the compounds present in the extracts and biotransform glycosides, tannin, and lignan into biologically active forms. In this paper, we examined the growth and antioxidant activity of aqueous extracts of nettle flowers obtained with non-thermal plasma treatment and subsequent fermentation with L. salivarius. A positive combined effect of non-thermal plasma and fermentation on increasing antioxidant activity was observed, especially during shorter treatments with non-thermal plasma. The results of the work indicate the possibility of applying green treatments and fermentation to obtain nettle flower extract products enriched with L. salivarius. Plasma treatment can also be used on the microbiological composition of water extracts, as an important aspect for application in the food and pharmaceutical industry.
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal on Processing and Energy in Agriculture
AN EVALUATION OF THE FUNDAMENTAL FACTORS INFLUENCING THE CHARACTERISTICS OF MYCELIUM-BASED MATERIALS: A REVIEW.
The mycelium-based materials (MBMs) are produced by growing the vegetative part of the mushroom-forming fungi - from Dikarya group: phylum Basidiomycota and Ascomycota, on different organic substrates, mostly due to containing important mycelium characteristics: septa and anastomosis. Moreover, function of these composites can be further tuned by controlling the species of fungus, the growing conditions, and the processing methods to meet a specific mechanical requirement in their further applications. The material formed after full colonization of the substrate, needs to be exposed to dry heating in order to remove the moisture content and to inactivate the mycelium, giving us the lightweight, and biodegradable material with great potential to replace fossil-based and synthetic materials such as polyurethane and polystyrene. Their low carbon footprint, low energy and processing cost, biodegradability, low heat conductivity, high acoustic absorption, and fire safety qualities were some of the main characteristics that encouraged the use of mycelium based composites (MBCs)in the construction and building sector, especially as paneling, insulation, and furniture materials. Since mycelium products are quite new and there is limited industry peer-reviewed testing data available, there is a need for standardized mechanical properties, universal testing requirements and published standards (ISO, ASTM) to ensure that qualification and testing programs can be developed to support the manufacture and use of MBCs.
EVALUATION THE QUALITY INDICATORS OF PEPPER HYBRID SEEDS DURING GERMINATION
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 10]> <![endif]--> The aim of the research was to evaluate the influence of the hybrid and the medium for germination testing on indicators of pepper seed quality. The obtained results should provide an answer as to whether the application of different growing media for testing seed germination can lead to discrepancies between test results in quality indicators for hybrid seeds. Seed quality testing of three different pepper hybrids: KG 2025 F1, KG 2129 F1 and KG 2032 F1 on two different media (filter paper (TP) and substrate (S)). Statistical analysis of germination energy, total germination, diseased seedlings and dead seeds showed highly significant differences (r<0.01) under the influence of the hybrid factor (G). The growing media factor (M) had a significant effect at the level (r<0.01) on all examined quality indicators, except for total germination. A very significantly lower number of abnormal and diseased seedlings was found on the substrate (TP) compared to the substrate (S). A highly negative significant correlation (r = -0.90951, p≤0.001) was recorded only between total germination and diseased seedlings. The obtained results indicate that the application of different media for testing the germination of hybrid pepper seeds can lead to inconsistencies in the obtained values for all evaluated quality indicators.
У раду је дат преглед метода визуелизација струјања. Методе визуелизације су подељене на методе које подразумевају додавање страног материјала у флуидну струју, додавање енергије у флуидну струју, оптичке методе и рачунарску динамику флуида. За сваку од методологија одабрано је неколико карактеристичних метода визуелизације у циљу сагледавања могућности употребе методологија на широк спектар струјања, као и различитих медијума и процеса који захтевају познавање понашања флуида. Методе визуелизације струјања које подразумевају додавање страног материјала су најједноставније, са становишта потребног материјала и поставке експеримента, у оквиру којих се најчешће примењује један „трејсер“ и адекватан извор светлости, изузев слојева осетљивих на притисак и смицање. Методе визуелизације које подразумевају додавање енергије флуидној струји користе јаке изворе електромагнетног зрачења, најчешће ласера, зарад побуде молекула који се налазе у флуидној струји производећи адекватан квантно-механички ефекат који омогућава визуелизацију. Оптичке методе визуелизације струјања се базирају на променама индекса преламања светлости које су проузроковане присуством флуида у покрету у испитној секцији, поред тога се користи и принцип суперпозиције светлосних таласа у методама интерферометрије. Оптичке методе су углавном највише примењиване у областима изучавања надзвучног струјања и ударних таласа. Како је рачунарска динамика флуида сама за себе засебна област представљени су физички закони на основу којих је РДФ базирана, као и примери визуелизације струјања, која је саставни део у већини прорачуна изведених овом методом. Поред класификације и описа метода визуелизације струјања у раду је дато објашњење поступка апроксимативног прорачуна на основу употребе једне од оптичких метода, шлирен фотографије, у циљу израчунавања силе отпора приликом суперсоничног струјања пројектила.
DYNAMICS OF MOISTURE RELEASE FROM MAIZE HUSKS AS A FUNCTION OF CROP DENSITY
Maize husk mass affects the dynamics of maize kernel moisture release as well as the yield and harvest timing of maize. This study aimed to observe the dynamics of moisture release in maize husks depending on the sowing density technology used. At the Zemu Polje location, a trail was established with three hybrids (H1-ZP 4708, H2-ZP4242, H3-ZP4790) in three densities (G1-40,816, G2-69,689, G3-89,286). During the vegetation period, 15 days after fertilization, four samples (V1-V4) were taken to determine the fresh and dry weight of the husk. The leaves were dried in an oven at 60°C for 12 hours. The effect of the genotype was reflected in the different masses of the maize husks and the dynamics of moisture loss. It was most pronounced in hybrid ZP 4242, which had the highest moisture loss between V1 and V4 samples at 9.86 %. It is also the hybrid with the highest fresh mass of leaves, 88.71 g. The dynamics of mass reduction, i.e. moisture loss, was linear in all hybrids, except for the exceptions by ZP 4242. The effects of sowing density and genotype on the moisture release of the maize husks and thus the maize kernel lead to an optimal harvest and a reduction in the risk of yield loss.
LIGNIN REMOVAL FROM CORNCOB BY MICROWAVE-COUPLED PEROXIDE TREAT-MENT
Lignocellulosic biomass comprises the crop residues, which remain in large quantities from various stages of crop processing. Its main constituents, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, are interlinked by hydrogen and covalent bonds and form a robust and intricate matrix making it resistant to enzymatic degradation. Pretreatment is crucial in lignocellulosic biomass processing, aiming to remove lignin and enhance enzyme access to polysaccharides. This study examines how microwave-assisted peroxide pretreatment affects the delignification of corncobs, aiming to enhance the efficiency of utilizing this agricultural residue in fermentation processes. Taguchi orthogonal array was used to optimize pretreatment conditions and assess the effects of individual parameters (temperature, H2O2 dose, and pretreatment time) on delignification efficiency. The results showed the significant influence of pretreatment conditions on lignin removal from corncobs, with the highest delignification achieved at an H2O2 dose of 500 mg/g, temperature of 100 °C, and pretreatment time of 2 minutes. H2O2 dose had the most substantial impact on the delignification, followed by temperature and pretreatment time. The observed 81.6% delignification and 61.9% increase in cellulose content are pivotal for enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency. This improvement suggests enhanced enzyme availability during hydrolysis and reversible binding to polysaccharide active sites, potentially leading to higher sugar yields.