Autori koji objavljuju u ovom časopisu pristaju na sledeće uslove: Autori zadržavaju autorska prava i pružaju časopisu pravo prvog objavljivanja rada i licenciraju ga "Creative Commons Attribution licencom" koja omogućava drugima da dele rad, uz uslov navođenja autorstva i izvornog objavljivanja u ovom časopisu. Autori mogu izraditi zasebne, ugovorne aranžmane za neekskluzivnu distribuciju članka objavljenog u časopisu (npr. postavljanje u institucionalni repozitorijum ili objavljivanje u knjizi), uz navođenje da je članak izvorno objavljen u ovom časopisu. Autorima je dozvoljeno da postave objavljeni članak onlajn (npr. u institucionalni repozitorijum ili na svoju internet stranicu) pre ili tokom postupka prijave rukopisa, s obzirom da takav postupak može voditi produktivnoj razmeni ideja i ranijoj i većoj citiranosti objavljenog članka.
Alternative and Supplementary Criminal Law Measures to the Provided Punishment Which Restore the Destroyed / Threatened Environment as a Specific Standard of EU Directive 2024/1203
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Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Mention"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Smart Hyperlink"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Hashtag"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Unresolved Mention"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Smart Link"/> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 10]> <![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; color: #222222; background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Environmental protection has become a global challenge, as human activities increasingly threaten ecosystems, threaten biodiversity and significantly negatively impact public health. While regulatory frameworks and law enforcement mechanisms in the civil sector play an essential role in environmental protection, criminal law provides a powerful instrument for deterring law violations, criminal liability of perpetrators and obligations to restore what has been destroyed. Complementarity between criminal and administrative law is essential for preventing and deterring illegal behaviour that harms the environment, but administrative penalties are insufficient. Environmental protection is one of the fundamental objectives of the European Union, as set out in Article 191 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the EU. In the light of the increasing frequency and complexity of environmental crimes, Directive (EU) 2024/1203 was adopted in response to the insufficient effectiveness of the previous instruments (2008/99/EC and 2009/123/EC). One of the aspects that indicated the need for the adoption of the 2024 Directive was the fact that the sanctions under Directive No. 88 of 2008 were insufficient to achieve compliance with EU law on environmental protection through the availability of effective, proportionate and dissuasive criminal sanctions. The 2024 Directive introduces new standards in the definition of criminal offences, sanctions and measures for the restoration and prevention of environmental damage. Namely, penalties should be made more severe in order to enhance their deterrent effect, and to improve the efficiency of detection, investigation, prosecution and adjudication of environmental crimes. Alternative and supplementary measures have a strong preventive function as they reduce the risk of recidivism, encourage environmental responsibility and raise awareness of the consequences of environmental crime. The scale, prevalence and high level of corruption have led some authors to classify this form of crime as a serious “white-collar crime”. Corruption exists since various forms of bribery and influence peddling are involved in high-ranking public officials, politicians and members of law enforcement agencies, but the existence and impact of corruption in the private sector, which, according to GRECO, is of great concern, should not be overlooked. Criminal law should serve as a means of deterring environmental crimes by imposing strict criminal sanctions and measures on those who engage in illegal activities that endanger the environment, as opposed to fines in administrative or civil proceedings.
Copyright (c) 2026 Glasnik Advokatske komore Vojvodine
Criminal and Other Sanctions and Measures Under EU Directive (2024/1203) on the Protection of the Environment Through Criminal Law
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Mention"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Smart Hyperlink"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Hashtag"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Unresolved Mention"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Smart Link"/> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 10]> <![endif]-->The paper analyses certain provisions of EU Directive 2024/1203 on the criminal law protection of the environment, focusing on criminal and other sanctions and measures. Unlike the previous Directive 2008/99/EC, which merely stated that criminal sanctions should be effective, proportionate, and dissuasive, the new Directive regulates this matter in greater detail. In the first part of the paper, the author highlights the most important innovations introduced by the new Directive and provides an overview of criminal and other sanctions and measures applicable to natural and legal persons. The second part of the paper addresses the issue of the effectiveness of criminal sanctions in relation to environmental crime, with special attention given to the advantages and disadvantages of criminal sanctions imposed on legal entities. The third part offers a discussion on the potential significance of Directive 2024/1203 for Serbian criminal legislation.
New Criminal Offences Protecting the Environment and Their Qualifying Circumstances (Articles 3, 8 and 9 of EU Directive 2024/1203)
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Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Mention"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Smart Hyperlink"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Hashtag"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Unresolved Mention"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Smart Link"/> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 10]> <![endif]-->The insufficiently precise normative framework established by the Environmental Crime Directive 2008/99/EC, as well as the unsatisfactory and modest effects of its implementation, prompted the proposal to improve the regulatory framework of the European Union in the field of environmental protection. This ultimately resulted in the adoption of the new Directive on the protection of the environment through criminal law 2024/1203, in mid-April 2024. In addition to significantly increasing the number of criminal offences, clarifying their qualified forms, providing detailed lists of aggravating and mitigating circumstances, and setting out more specific provisions on criminal sanctions, the Directive introduces a series of new solutions aimed at improving cross-border cooperation, as well as coordination and cooperation among competent authorities within each Member State. However, a revolutionary change lies in the way the Directive defines the relationship between criminal and administrative law. It is well known that criminal-law provisions in the domain of environmental protection are predominantly of a blanket nature, given that certain conduct becomes criminal only when it violates a relevant environmental protection rule. In this respect, criminal law has traditionally been linked to administrative law, which, through various acts, determines the threshold values of permissible environmental impact and, through numerous individual permits and authorisations, excludes the unlawfulness of specific actions affecting the environment. Similarly, for all criminal offences introduced by the new Directive, the requirement remains that the conduct in question must constitute an unlawful act. Yet, under the new definition, conduct is considered unlawful not only when it breaches EU law, but even when it is carried out on the basis of a decision by a competent authority of a Member State, if that authorisation was obtained through fraud, corruption, extortion, coercion, or if such authorisation manifestly violates relevant substantive legal requirements. Although this legal innovation is intended as a tool for achieving more effective criminal-law protection in the field of environmental protection, the question remains how Member States will incorporate this concept into their national legislation – a concept which, regardless of any criminal-policy justification, poses a serious risk to the principle of legality, which requires that the conditions for criminal liability be precisely and clearly defined. Moreover, the seemingly “iron rule” that criminal law must not sanction what another field of law explicitly permits appears to have lost its former value. It seems that the drafter of the Serbian Draft Law on Amendments to the Criminal Code of 2025 has shaped the new criminal offences concerning the protection of the environment in a highly satisfactory manner, avoiding some of the vague and contentious formulations contained in the aforementioned Directive.
Criminal Protection of the Environment of the Republic of Serbia in the Light of the New EU Directive From 2024
The system of environmental criminal offenses under the Criminal Code of Republika Srpska provides for several criminal offenses against the environment, in their basic or qualified forms, together with the penalties prescribed for their perpetrators. Given the need for efficient and high-quality criminal law protection of the environment as a whole, or of its individual elements, it is necessary continuously to update existing legislative solutions with a view to improving them, both from the perspective of the needs of modern crime suppression policy and, even more importantly, because of the emergence of new and different forms of damaging or endangering the environment. This is also supported by the need to harmonize national criminal law systems with relevant international standards. In this paper, the author analyzes the new solutions contained in the 2024 European Union Directive on the protection of the environment through criminal law from the perspective of their implementation in the criminal legislation of Republika Srpska.
Multidisciplinary Approach to the Prevention, Detection, Investigation and Prosecution of Environmental Crime as a Standard of Directive 2024/1203
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7 Colorful Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Mention"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Smart Hyperlink"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Hashtag"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Unresolved Mention"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Smart Link"/> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 10]> <![endif]--> By adopting Directive (EU) 2024/1203 on the protection of the environment through criminal law, the European Union has established a new, unified and comprehensive standard in the field of environmental criminal law. This legal instrument, adopted on 11 April 2024 and entering into force on 20 May of the same year, replaces the earlier Directives 2008/99/EC and 2009/123/EC, significantly expands the catalogue of criminal offences, strengthens sanctions, and introduces innovative mechanisms of implementation. One of its key novelties is the requirement for a multidisciplinary approach to the prevention, detection, investigation, and prosecution of environmental crime. The Directive is grounded in the recognition that environmental crime is inherently complex, often cross-border and transnational in nature. Unlawful emissions of hazardous substances into air, water and soil, trafficking in endangered species, illegal waste management, unlawful logging, and improper handling of dangerous substances all inflict severe damage on ecosystems and human health while generating high illegal profits. For this reason, alongside legal and criminal procedural instruments, the integration of knowledge and resources from multiple disciplines—law, criminology, ecology, chemistry, biology, toxicology, economics and information technologies—is indispensable. The Directive explicitly emphasises the obligation of Member States to ensure adequate professional staff and financial, technical and technological resources for combating environmental crime. This includes not only increasing the capacity of the police, prosecution services and courts, but also their specialisation and continuous training. In this context, multidisciplinary teams—bringing together legal experts, forensic specialists, environmental inspectors, information system experts and scientists from the natural and technical sciences—become a necessary condition for effective detection and proof of environmental offences. Furthermore, the Directive highlights the importance of coordination and cooperation not only within a single Member State (between various institutions) but also at the level of the European Union. It underscores the roles of Eurojust, Europol, the European Public Prosecutor’s Office (EPPO) and the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF) in providing technical and operational support. Such an approach presupposes that combating environmental crime cannot rely solely on criminal prosecution, but requires the integration of preventive measures, administrative sanctions, civil liability and criminal law instruments into a coherent system. The multidisciplinary approach also includes the participation of the public and non-governmental organisations, which the Directive recognises as part of the standard of access to justice and transparency. Article 15 ensures procedural rights for individuals and associations protecting the environment, thereby creating space for citizens and civil society to contribute to the protection of the public interest. The Directive thus confirms that contemporary environmental crime cannot be effectively addressed without the integration of knowledge and cooperation among diverse disciplines and actors. The multidisciplinary standard it explicitly endorses represents a core element of the European criminal law system for environmental protection and a model that will, in the process of harmonisation, strongly influence candidate countries for EU membership.
Establishment of a Special Fund to Provide Support for the Implementation of Measures for Environmental Protection and Remedying of the Consequences Arising From the Commitment of Criminal Offenses Against the Environment
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Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Mention"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Smart Hyperlink"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Hashtag"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Unresolved Mention"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Smart Link"/> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 10]> <![endif]-->The author discusses the EU Directive 2024/1203 on environmental crime, which, among other things, recommends that member states establish a special fund that should have a dual function. First of all, its function is preventive, since the funds would be used to improve environmental protection measures and prevent the commission of environmental crimes. The remedial function of this fund would be manifested through the use of funds from the fund to remediate the consequences of environmental crimes. In the introduction, the author points out the importance of environmental protection and the malignancy of environmental crimes. Then, the purpose and standards of the aforementioned Directive are briefly outlined, as well as individual solutions from the Law on Environmental Protection that are significant for the topic of the paper. The author analyzes the feasibility of establishing a special fund and the legislative framework in the Republic of Serbia that would enable the implementation of this project. Possible ways of financing the aforementioned fund are indicated by analyzing the recommendations from the Directive regarding additional sanctions and measures that can be imposed on perpetrators and the confiscation of financial (property) gains obtained by committing a criminal offense. Other possible ways of financing the fund are also taken into account, as well as the criteria for using these funds. The author's conclusion is that the establishment of a special fund for environmental protection and remediation of the consequences of environmental crimes can have significant positive effects, primarily in the preventive aspect, through the implementation of more efficient environmental protection measures, which should be the primary goal, but also in the remedial aspect, through the remediation of the consequences resulting from the commission of the aforementioned crimes.
Intent and Extreme Negligence As Elements of Criminal Offenses Against the Environment
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Mention"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Smart Hyperlink"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Hashtag"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Unresolved Mention"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Smart Link"/> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 10]> <![endif]--> Continuous attention is devoted to a healthy environment in almost all spheres of human activity: from civic activism and various development strategies to legal regulation and the sanctioning of violations of the right to clean water, air, soil, flora and fauna. Criminal law protection represents an important segment of these efforts, ranging from “classic” environmental harms and endangerment, such as pollution, to those offences that elevate environmental crime to a “higher level” and turn it into a profitable activity. One of the factors contributing to this situation is the inefficiency of criminal justice mechanisms, as well as the limited effectiveness of penalties where they have been applied. This was one of the motives behind the adoption of Directive 2024/1203 on the protection of the environment through criminal law. In addition, some of the key questions of criminal law doctrine can be observed almost paradigmatically through environmental criminal offences. This primarily refers to certain substantive dilemmas concerning the subjective elements of these offences; the concept of corporate criminal liability, whose potential may be most fully realised precisely in the field of environmental crime; and the boundaries and justification of criminal law intervention, particularly in relation to administrative, civil and other punitive measures. The Directive and relevant international sources predominantly operate with the notions of intent and gross (or serious) negligence as the subjective components of criminal offences. This reflects a dominant characteristic of the Anglo-Saxon legal tradition, whose structure of the general concept of a criminal offence differs in several respects from the Continental model. Still, the subjective element stands as a distinct component – whether through the mens rea framework or through the concept of culpability. Broadly speaking, intent(ion) and serious (gross) negligence – the subjective forms envisaged by the Directive – may be considered counterparts to domestic concepts of intention and negligence. However, the assumption is that these notions overlap only in certain aspects and that it would be unwarranted to equate them without careful consideration. Nevertheless, the Directive contains a provision instructing that these elements be interpreted in accordance with national law, which, with certain specificities, relativises this hypothesis. Accordingly, the focus of the paper will be on analysing these subjective elements within the framework of environmental criminal offences and the meaning of the terms prescribed by Directive 2024/1203. Furthermore, we will examine the possibilities of implementing these provisions into domestic law and highlight the capacities of the existing Criminal Code in this area. Finally, an attempt will be made to formulate practical guidelines for understanding and applying the norms on intent and gross (serious) negligence, with a view to facilitating their more effective proof in practice.
Special Circumstances for Sentencing for Criminal Offenses Against the Environment
Absolutely — here it is with American English spelling: Environmental criminal offenses, as a separate group of criminal offenses, are prescribed in Chapter XXIV of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Serbia and constitute a specific group of incriminations reflecting contemporary challenges in the preservation of natural resources and human health, since they disturb ecological balance, endanger human health, and cause lasting consequences for natural resources. Their distinctive nature lies in the fact that their consequences are most often not limited to an individual or to the moment of commission, but extend to the wider community, the public interest, and future generations. Sentencing for these criminal offenses should entail a different approach compared with classical criminal offenses, namely, in this type of criminal offense, particular consideration should be given, when determining the sentence, to the scope and gravity of the actual or potential damage to the environment, the duration and irreparability of the consequences, the degree to which human health has been endangered, the motive and benefit obtained by the offender, and especially the conduct of the accused after the commission of the criminal offense, including remediation, compensation for damage, and cooperation with the competent authorities. The paper examines the normative frameworks of the Republic of Serbia and the European Union, analyzes the specific circumstances arising in the process of sentencing, provides an overview of the prosecutorial and judicial practice of domestic courts, as well as the standards developed in the judgments of the European Court of Human Rights. Particular attention is devoted to the efforts of the Republic of Serbia to harmonize its legislation and practice with European standards in the field of environmental protection. The aim of the paper is to demonstrate the specific features of environmental criminal offenses, which require a differentiated, stricter, and remedial approach to sentencing, one that should be proportionate, dissuasive, and directed toward the prevention of future violations, in order to ensure effective protection of the environment and achieve the objectives of general and special prevention.
Organized Crime and Criminal Offenses Against the Environment
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Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Mention"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Smart Hyperlink"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Hashtag"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Unresolved Mention"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Smart Link"/> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 10]> <![endif]--> Standards for the protection and improvement of the environment, proclaimed by numerous political and guaranteed by legal documents at the international, national, and local levels, are in obvious and deep discord with the real situation. The environment is daily and continuously endangered and damaged by numerous and varied individual and collective activities, by natural persons as well as legal entities, business subjects, and even states themselves. Many of these activities have, over time, been prohibited and sanctioned by various types of regulations, while some, due to their frequency, prevalence, and severity of consequences, have been recognized as exceptionally socially dangerous and sanctioned by criminal legislation, thus receiving the name "environmental criminal offenses" or "environmental crime" in literature. Environmental crime is a very complex phenomenon that encompasses a wide spectrum of illegal activities and harmful consequences, which is one reason why, among others, there is no universally accepted definition for it. The consequences of environmental crime are numerous and diverse, such as increased pollution levels, degradation of natural habitats, reduction of biodiversity, disruption of ecological balance, increased risk of diseases, irreversible climate changes, contamination of the food chain, reduction in life expectancy, and even fatal outcomes. Besides the direct and indirect harmful consequences for the environment and human health, certain forms of environmental crime are aimed at acquiring profit for individuals, groups, or business entities (companies, corporations) through the exploitation, damage, trade, or theft of natural resources, or through the illegal trade and disposal of hazardous waste and other pollutants, as well as the smuggling of ozone-depleting substances. Advancements in technology, the development of new industrial plants, and the ever-increasing demand for natural resources have created fertile ground for the abuse of the environment for the sake of profit. Furthermore, modern forms of environmental criminal offenses, as a rule, have a transnational character. Although long viewed as an isolated problem, primarily of a local nature, environmental crime today represents one of the most serious and profitable threats to global security and the economy. The United Nations has highlighted environmental crime as a key factor exacerbating the so-called "triple planetary crisis" – climate change, biodiversity loss, and pollution. It is precisely the profitability and transnational character of environmental criminal offenses on the one hand, and the shortcomings of normative solutions and weaknesses in their application on the other, that have contributed to organized criminal groups and networks perceiving environmental crimes as an opportunity for high profit at a relatively low risk, allowing them to finance other illegal activities and expand their influence. In the scientific and professional public today, there is almost no dilemma that environmental crime is another form of transnational organized crime. According to estimates from relevant international organizations and agencies, environmental crime is designated as the fourth most lucrative criminal activity in the world, immediately after human, drug, and arms trafficking, generating up to 300 billion dollars in illicit profits annually. Despite official statistics not showing this, it is estimated that environmental crime is growing at an annual rate of 5%-7%, which makes it grow faster than other forms of organized criminal activity. While traditional forms of organized criminal activity are strongly in focus for both the international and national public, and thus under significant pressure from law enforcement agencies, the effective suppression of environmental criminal offenses is still not a priority in many countries today. Organized criminal groups and networks have recognized the potential for diversifying their criminal portfolios into environmental crime, using already established logistical routes, corrupt mechanisms, and money laundering methods. In this way, a mechanism of convergence is established between traditional forms of organized criminal activity and environmental crime, which manifests through the sharing of infrastructure (routes, warehouses, intermediaries), financial channels, corrupt networks, and violent security mechanisms, but also through normative gaps and weak oversight capacities. The introductory part of this paper provides conceptual definitions of environmental and organized crime, and then we will focus on key areas such as illegal logging and timber trade, trafficking in protected plant and animal species, illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing, illicit waste shipments, including electronic and medical hazardous waste, and illegal exploitation of mineral resources. In addition, the operational methodology of criminal networks will be examined, with special emphasis on corruption and money laundering as key factors contributing to convergence, as well as on the role of corporations and state bodies in these mechanisms. The paper will also present selected case studies from reports of relevant international organizations to illustrate the key characteristics of contemporary organized environmental crime and its sectoral and regional specificities. At the end of the paper, a brief critical review of the dynamics and state of environmental crime in Serbia will be provided
(Non-)mandatory nature and evidentiary value of DNA analysis in maternity and paternity proceedings: Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights
The European Court of Human Rights consistently recognizes the right to know one’s biological origin as an integral element of the right to respect for private and family life, as well as the internationally recognized child’s right to identity. Contracting States to the European Convention on Human Rights have a positive obligation to ensure a fair balance between the child's right to know their origin, on the one hand, and the putative parent's right to respect for private life and physical integrity, or the existing legal parents' right to preserve the stability of family relations, on the other hand. In this paper, the author examines the scope and evidentiary value of DNA analysis, while addressing broader socio-ethical issues – whether DNA analysis can or should be mandatory, the consequences of non-compliance, and whether the legal system provides alternatives to refusal. This research aims to synthesize the key standards in this field through a theoretical and empirical analysis of the Court's case law. The author employed the following methods in the paper: the normative-dogmatic method, the comparative law method, content analysis, the case study method, and purposive sampling.
Selected case law in the field of Civil Law
Enforcement on real estate that is not registered because the records have been destroyed or damaged
In both observed entities of Bosnia and Herzegovina - Republika Srpska and Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, there are areas where the existing records of immobility have been destroyed or damaged, and it is reported that the procedure for its restoration will be carried out. Since the process of establishing real estate records is lengthy, the legislators foresee special procedural rules when such real estate is proposed as the subject of enforcement. In this way, the legislators are trying to compensate the enforcement creditors for the still present irregular management of public registers, or their absence in certain areas, and to enable them to enforce on such immovable properties as well. This, especially in a situation where the enforcement creditor does not have another object of enforcement that he could propose. The goal of the research is a normative-dogmatic analysis of the domestic legislative model of execution on immovable property that is not registered in the public register, because it has been destroyed or damaged. From the analysis of the domestic and comparative procedural doctrine and available current domestic court practice, it emerges that the special rules of procedure that are applied in this situation in both entities of Bosnia and Herzegovina do not correspond to the interest of the enforcement seeker for an efficient settlement on such immovable properties. As a result of the observed weakened general principle of judicial management of the procedure, there is also a conclusion about the excessive burden on the enforcement creditor, and about the rare judicial implementation of the confiscation inventory of such immovable property.
THE CONCEPT OF THE INJURED PARTY AND THE VICTIM OF A CRIMINAL OFFENSE AS CRIMINAL PROCEDURAL SUBJECTS
The paper analyzes the concept of the criminal procedure subject through theoretical, normative, and comparative perspectives, with a special focus on the position of the injured party and the victim of a criminal offense within criminal proceedings. It begins with the traditional understanding that criminal procedure subjects are bearers of specific procedural functions—adjudication, prosecution, and defense—and classifies them as principal or secondary subjects. Within this framework, the injured party is defined as a secondary procedural subject but with a complex procedural status, as they may simultaneously perform multiple functions (e.g., testifying, initiating prosecution, or submitting a property claim). Special attention is devoted to distinguishing between the concepts of the injured party and the victim of a criminal offense in domestic legislation and international instruments, particularly the EU Directive 2012/29/EU and the 1985 UN Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power. The analysis demonstrates that the notion of a victim encompasses a broader range of rights, including extraprocedural protection, support, and assistance, thereby transcending the traditional procedural framework of the injured party. The paper concludes that harmonizing domestic law with international standards requires either normative recognition of the victim as a distinct procedural subject or the expansion of the existing concept of the injured party, while maintaining the adversarial nature of criminal proceedings and ensuring effective victim protection both within and beyond their formal scope
New forms of employment and the risk of labor exploitation – legal aspects
The development of technology and accelerated changes in the world of work have led to the emergence of new, specific forms of work, which have arisen as a response to the altered needs of employers and workers shaped by contemporary circumstances. However, the particular characteristics and legal underregulation of these forms of work in most countries around the world, have resulted in workers engaged in them remaining largely “invisible” to legal systems, whereby they are not guaranteed even a minimum level of labour and social rights that should be available to all individuals engaged in work. Such a situation poses a serious risk to the enjoyment of the right to decent work and creates a favorable environment for the emergence of labor exploitation. These circumstances, in light of the growing significance of new forms of work, represent the key reasons that motivated the author to choose this topic. Accordingly, the paper analyses the interconnection between new forms of work, the unfavourable labour-law status of workers engaged in them, and the risk of labour exploitation. Finally, the author seeks to highlight, in a concise manner, the need to reassess the existing boundaries of labour-law protection in light of new forms of work, as well as to propose legal solutions that may contribute to overcoming the identified problems in this regard.
IS REINSTATEMENT POSSIBLE IN CASES OF EMPLOYMENT TERMINATION BASED ON INADEQUATE WORK PERFORMANCE OR INSUFFICIENT KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS REQUIRED FOR THE POSITION?
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Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Continue"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Continue 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Continue 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Continue 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Continue 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Message Header"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Salutation"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Date"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Body Text First Indent"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Body Text 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Name="Document Map"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Plain Text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="E-mail Signature"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Top of Form"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Normal (Web)"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Acronym"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Address"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Cite"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Code"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Definition"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Keyboard"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Preformatted"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Sample"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Typewriter"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Variable"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Normal Table"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="annotation subject"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="No List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Outline List 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Outline List 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Outline 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SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Columns 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Columns 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Columns 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Columns 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Columns 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 7"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 8"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 7"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 8"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table 3D effects 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table 3D effects 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table 3D effects 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Contemporary"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Elegant"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Professional"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Subtle 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Subtle 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Web 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Web 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Web 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Balloon Text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Theme"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 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Name="Plain Table 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 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Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 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</xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 10]> <![endif]--> Researching this theme we have found the practical requirement to distinguish the cancellation of an employment contract due to failure to fulfil work results from the lack of knowledge and capacity as two reasons of dismissal, and also the lack of legal practice make efficient realization of the right to protection especially difficult from unjustified dismissal. In these terms, we have indicated that legal determination and objectivity of work normative contribute to the prevention of the abuse of the right to the cancellation of an employment contract due to failure to fulfil work results and the lack of knowledge and capacity for work, that the introduction of legal obligation of establishing criteria and authority for evaluation of employees knowledge and capacity contributes to greater legal security in the area of the protection from unjustified dismissal whereas more complex dismissal process can have a significanr role in the prevention of labour disputes concerning. We also pointed out that the existing legislative solutions face significant criticism, as they cannot be the same for all reasons for dismissal, and we have realized that reintegration has no practical significance in this particular case of dismissal.
VIDEO SURVEILLANCE CAMERA RECORDS AS EVIDENCE IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS - case-law of the Supreme (Cassation) Court
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THE PRINCIPLE OF NON-PUNISHMENT FOR VICTIMS OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING – INTERNATIONAL LEGAL STANDARDS AND THE SITUATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA
The authors analyze the principle of non-punishment of victims of human trafficking through the prism of international legal standards in this area and the situation in the Republic of Serbia. After introductory remarks on the importance of this issue, the authors point to the international legal framework that follows the mentioned principle, but also to examples from comparative law, good judicial practice and decisions of the European Court of Human Rights. Considering that the application of this principle in practice implies the prior identification of the victim of human trafficking, this procedure in the Republic of Serbia is analyzed. Special attention is paid to the competences of the Center for the Protection of Victims of Human Trafficking, which is the only state body competent for the implementation of the mentioned procedure. Then, the authors considered the above issue from the perspective of the third GRETA report, and also pointed out the current steps taken by Serbia towards fulfilling its international obligations, and summarized the provisions of the Draft Law on Suppression and Prevention of Trafficking in Human Beings and Protection of Victims with regard to the principle of non-punishment. The authors conclude that the implementation of the principle of non-punishment of victims of trafficking in human beings into the positive legal system of the Republic of Serbia, in accordance with international standards, should be accompanied by appropriate amendments to the Criminal Code, the Code of Criminal Procedure and the Law on Misdemeanors.
Disciplinary practice of the Disciplinary Court of the Bar Association of Vojvodina
TRANSFER OF EMPLOYEES AS A MEASURE TO ADDRESS COLLECTIVE REDUNDANCY
ABSTRACT: Collective redundancy is an ever-present problem in many sectors and organizations, especially at a time when technology and automation are changing the way the labor market functions. This issue is not only a challenge for individuals who lose their jobs, but also for companies, communities and society as a whole. There are many reasons for redundancy. Technological advances often replace labor with machines and software, thus reducing the need for manual workers. Also, globalization allows companies to move production to countries where labor costs are lower. In addition, inefficient organization of work within the company or economic crisis can lead to a certain number of employees becoming redundant. The consequences of this situation are profound, because individuals who lose their jobs face financial problems, and at the same time, society is faced with the growth of unemployment, which can lead to an increase in poverty, social tensions and a decrease in overall economic activity. One of the key solutions is moving the employee to another workplace, which is what this paper will deal with. Transfer to another workplace is one of the key measures used to improve employment and efficient human resources management, which avoids the collective dismissal of all employees. This practice enables employees to move from one workplace to another, within the same organization or even within a wider system, with the aim of solving the problem of surplus labor, filling deficit positions and optimizing work processes. Therefore, this article will analyze precisely the transfer of an employee to another workplace, as a measure to solve the excess of employees, with reference to problems in practice.
Theoretical reflections on compensation for non-pecuniary damage arising from the violation of the right to a healthy environment
The Constitution of Serbia guarantees the right to a healthy environment, while the Law on Obligations provides the possibility of non-pecuniary damage compensation due to the violation of personality rights. This paper analyzes whether the right to a healthy environment is considered a personality right, what constitutes its violation, and whether a lawsuit for compensation of non-pecuniary damage due to its violation is the most effective mechanism for protecting the rights of individuals affected by pollution.
Several Open Questions Regarding the Right to Severance Pay in the Republic of Serbia
The aim of this paper is to explain the nature of right on severance pay of employees in situation when employer resorts to collective redundancies due to economic, organizational or technological changes. The questions which are open concern the validity of the establishment of public funds that would participate together with the employer in the payment of severance pay and their financing, as well as the suitability of foreign investors to use money from public funds during the collective dismissal of employees. In addition, the author observes the existence of a problem related to the autonomy of employers to make business decisions regarding economic, organizational and technological changes and the (un)justified intrusion of courts into such decisions. The paper also gives a recommendation about the moment that is considered relevant, whether certain persons are connected, and in terms of realizing the right to severance pay for employees. Certain solutions of the domestic legislator were criticized, and potential future solutions were proposed. The right of employees to severance pay is first of all viewed from the perspective of domestic positive law, but with regard to certain related institutes, comparative law solutions were also mentioned. Author as well provides brief review of the overview of other measures that the employer can take before the termination of the employment contract on the aforementioned basis and the payment of severance pay. Keywords: severance pay, collective dismissal, redundancy, public funds, employment measures.
DETECTING TAX CRIMES IN REPUBLIC OF SERBIA
The detection of tax crimes is the responsibility of the Tax Administration, as an administrative body within the Ministry of Finance, and these tasks are performed by the Tax Police. The actions of the Tax Police are functionally related to the tax control process, in which it is possible to learn that there are grounds for suspecting that a tax crime has been committed. Tax inspectors, who perform tax control, and Tax Police inspectors are powered to take certain measures and actions to collect information and evidence for tax crimes. The paper analyzes the legal framework for powers of those authorized officials of the Ministry of Finance in detecting tax crimes.
The Law on the Protection of Whistleblowers of the Republic of Serbia has been applied in judicial practice for almost ten years. Inspired by this fact, the author, relying on the existing normative framework and stances of judicial practice, addresses key issues significant for the judicial protection of whistleblowers. These issues relate to the application of the Law on the Protection of Whistleblowers, the time limits for the protection of whistleblowers, the passive standing in whistleblower protection proceedings, judicial jurisdiction, the existence of a causal link between whistleblowing actions and harmful actions, and finally, temporary measures for the protection of whistleblowers as the most effective means of their protection. To analyze the application of the Law throughout the territory of the Republic of Serbia, the paper examines the practices of all four appellate courts in the country, as well as that of the Supreme Court.
Примарну улогу у пружању релевантне правне заштите животне средине и климе, има национални судски систем, а Европски суд за људска права има супсидијарну улогу и поступа тек по представкама за повреду других људских права. Европска конвенција за заштиту људских права и основних слобода и њени додатни протоколи, не регулишу директно право на здраву животну средину као такво, ипак штите интерес за очување животне средине и климе штитећи друга људска права. Наиме, претежно се повреда овог права преиспитује кроз повреду права на живот у здравој животној средини, повреду права на приватан живот, права на имовину и права на информисање. Државе су дужне да поштују, штите, унапређују и испуњавају сва људска права за све људе. Ово укључује афирмативну обавезу да се спрече предвидиве штете, укључујући и ону изазвану климатским променама. Поље судских спорова о климатским променама се временом обогатило и наметнуло је потребу да носиоци правосудних функција и учесници у таквим судским споровима, постану свесни последица климатских промена, као и последица које носе одлуке у тим споровима. Поред тога што је унапређен значај климатских парница и еколошких парница уопште, како пред домаћим судовима, тако и пред Европским судом за људска права и Судом правде Европске уније, бројни случајеви су добили и шири међународни одјек и остварили своју амбицију за добијањем одговора о утицају климатских промена на основна људска права, па су тако, надаље, инспирисали покретање оваквих поступака широм света. У развоју међународног еколошког права временом су уставновљени принципи који указују на карактеристике те области права и његових института, а то су принцип превентивне акције, принцип предострожности, принцип "плаћа загађивач", принцип одрживог развоја, принцип међугенерацијске једнакости и принцип обавезе сарадње. Неупитни значај еколошког права је препознат на међународном нивоу и, иако ово право није именовано као људско право у Европској конвенцији за заштиту људских права и основних слобода, ни у њеним протоколима, њему је такав значај признат кроз растући тренд еколошких и климатских парница, као и све богатију судску праксу у овој области
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<span lang="EN" style="color: black; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-no-proof: yes;">Milorad Botić was one of the most prominent figures at the <span lang="EN" style="color: black; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-no-proof: yes;">Bar Association of Vojvodina. He left an indelible mark in the Glasnik of the Bar Association of Vojvodina, Journal for legal theory and practice, as the editor-in-chief and also as the author of numerous works in the Glasnik. He was a prolific writer with several published books, collections of poems and articles.
Non-pecuniary damages in the "missing babies" cases - law enforcement experiences
The Act on Establishing the Facts about the Status of Newborn Children who are Suspected of Having Disappeared from the Maternity Hospitals in the Republic of Serbia was adopted in 2020. Colloquially known as the Missing Babies Act, it regulates the right of parents and relatives to fair monetary compensation for non-pecuniary damage in case of violation of their right to respect the family life. The paper presents the first analysis of the results of the implementation of this Act in regard of awarding non-pecuniary damages. Empirical research was conducted in the High Court in Novi Sad, the High Court in Belgrade, the High Court in Kragujevac and the High Court in Niš. Using the statistical and the random sample methods, the research analyses court cases involving request for compensation of non-pecuniary damages resulting from the infringement of one’s right to respect for family life in the “missing babies” cases. The paper examines the earlier judicial practice in similar factual cases, with special reference to the judgment of the European Court of Human Rights in the case of Zorica Jovanović v. Serbia (appl.12794/08). Furthermore, using the normative and comparative law methods, the paper presents the analysis of non-pecuniary damages and its purpose. The paper aims to provide a theoretical and empirical analysis of the court judgments awarding of non-pecuniary damages in the “missing babies” cases for violation of the right to respect for family life. According to the research findings, parents’ decades-long struggle yielded a Pyrrhic victory in a form of monetary compensation for non-material damages but, in a vast majority of cases, there was no information regarding the actual fate of the missing children.
FIXED-TERM EMPLOYMENT CONTRACT AND ITS ABUSES
A fixed-term employment contract is a flexible form of employment that allows employers to respond to the temporary needs of the labor market. However, in practice this form of employment is often abused, which leads to employee insecurity and violation of labor rights. This paper analyzes the legal framework and purpose of fixed-term employment contracts and identifies the most common forms of abuse. In conclusion, recommendations are proposed for improving legislation and strengthening supervision over the implementation of fixed-term employment contracts in order to reduce abuses and improve the protection of workers' rights. The hypothesis is based on that the positive legal provisions have not clearly determined the situations in which a fixed-term employment relationship can be established, but it is necessary to determine precise and concrete circumstances that are characteristic of a certain activity and that can only exceptionally justify the absence of the need for a permanent employment of the employee, as well that insufficient capacities of labor inspection and other mechanisms to prevent abuse of fixed-term employment contract, facilitate the violation of regulations in this area of ​​labor law in the Republic of Serbia, by employers, as the stronger party in the employment relationship.
TEMPORARY AND CASUAL EMPLOYMENT AS FORMS OF FLEXIBLE EMPLOYMENT
Temporary and casual employment is in the legal system of the Republic of Serbia one of the most significant form of flexible employment. Although it’s very significant, there are not many papers in our literature, which are dedicated exclusively to this type of flexible employment. However, given the fact that work flexibilization and flexible employment are extremely popular topics, there are many papers in which the issue of temporary and casual employment is mentioned within this topic. This paper is dedicated to the issue of how much this form of labor contributes to the flexibility of work, and where are the limits of work flexibilization, that is in which point the abuse of temporary and casual work begins, precisely flexploitation of the people who perform this work, as well as their legal position. The central part of the paper on the abuse of temporary and casual work will be perceived through the viewpoints of judicial practice, considering that, as it is previously mentioned above, there are not many papers in literature that are exclusively dedicated to this topic, and therefore not many viewpoints on the issue of abuse of the same, and judicial practice is, regarding this issue, numerous.