Acta herbologica is a scientific journal that publishes papers in all relevant areas of weed science: biology, invasiveness, diversity and mapping of weed flora and vegetation; ecology and population variability of weeds; weed resistance and tolerance to herbicides; crop-weed interaction, damage thresholds and critical time of weed control; integrated weed management using proactive (preventive) and reactive (agrotechnical, physical, biological and chemical-herbicides) measures on agricultural and non-agricultural areas; technology and quality of herbicide application; plant growth regulators; ethnobotany of weeds, as well as other actual issues from this scientific field.
Autori koji objavljuju u ovom časopisu pristaju na sledeće uslove: Autori zadržavaju autorska prava i pružaju časopisu pravo prvog objavljivanja rada i licenciraju ga "Creative Commons Attribution licencom" koja omogućava drugima da dele rad, uz uslov navođenja autorstva i izvornog objavljivanja u ovom časopisu. Autori mogu izraditi zasebne, ugovorne aranžmane za neekskluzivnu distribuciju članka objavljenog u časopisu (npr. postavljanje u institucionalni repozitorijum ili objavljivanje u knjizi), uz navođenje da je članak izvorno objavljen u ovom časopisu. Autorima je dozvoljeno i podstiču se da postave objavljeni članak onlajn (npr. u institucionalni repozitorijum ili na svoju internet stranicu) pre ili tokom postupka prijave rukopisa, s obzirom da takav postupak može voditi produktivnoj razmeni ideja i ranijoj i većoj citiranosti objavljenog članka (Vidi Efekti otvorenog pristupa).
Anatomical and micromorphological analysis of root, stem and leaf of Echinochloa crus-galli (L) Beauv.
The aim of this research was to investigate and characterise the anatomical structure of vegetative organs in Echinochloa crus-galli (L) Beauv., commonly known as cockspur or barnyardgrass. E. crus-galli is a member of the Poaceae family and is a common weed species which occures in many crops. For the purpose of these research, fully developed plants were collected at experimental field of the Institute of Vegetable crops in Smederevska Palanka. For anatomical investigation of root, stem and leaf several methodes of microslide preparation were employed. Cockspur has high water requirements and belongs to the hygrophilous weed species (F4), what in in the anatomical level is reflected through large intercellular spaces (aerenchyma) present in stem and root. Generally speaking, anatomical characteristics of E. crus-galli, especially considering not only lignified endodermis, but also presence of lignified exodermis in roots, shares similarities with anatomical characteristics of rice (Oryza sativa L.), in which fields this species actually represent one of the most troublesome weeds. The anatomical structure of the stem is typical for monocots, featuring a single-layered epidermis on the surface, a hypodermis composed of chlorenchyma and sclerenchyma, and collateral vascular bundles collateral vascular bundles were distributed by pattern characteristic for Poaceae family, scattered throughout the main body of the stem, surrounded by well-developed parenchyma tissue. The leaves are characterized by Kranz anatomy, which is typical for plants with C4-type photosynthesis. The leaf surface is characterized by the presence of short, non-glandular trichomes occur on both leaf surfaces, the adaxial and abaxial, while silica cells are located exclusively in the adaxial epidermis. These morpho-anatomical characteristics could be an significant factor in absorption of foliar applied herbicides, so understanding their role could be of a great importance for successful chemical control.
Contribution of epiphytes and fog to patterns of atmospheric fluxes in mountainous forests (Picea abies [L.] and Pinus cembra [L.])
Water balance in coniferous forest dominated by Picea abies [L.] and Pinus cembra [L.]) is a central process contributing to global carbon and water cycling. Quantifying the role of the major biotic and abiotic agents of water balance, i.e. lichens and fog, is thus important for a better understanding of this process. Methods to quantify water balance, such as evapotranspiration, precipitation, temperature suffer from several shortcomings, such as destructive sampling or subsampling. We developed and tested a Python-based statistical approach based on computed environmental and climate parameters obtained from Eddy covariance measurements of coniferous forests from a field experiment with dominated Swiss pine and spruce as major tree species. We quantified the volume of key meteorological parameters in forest canopies with old (>200 y.o.) and young (< 30 y.o.) trees and relative water vapour volume showing signs of contribution from fog. The data were compared using Matplotlib library of Python for statistical analysis for both types of trees. Fog and lichens were identified with high accuracy and strongly correlated with water content in coniferous forests. Our data show that this is a powerful approach in silviculture to quantify water balance by Python and statistical analysis of datasets. In contrast to other methods, programming libraries of Python present flexible yet powerful approach to data analysis. Besides, a non-destructive field measurements were performed, covering entire study area and providing spatially explicit information of forest health. Such integrated approach opens a wide range of research options in nature conservation and land management in protected areas of mountainous coniferous forests.
ANALYSIS OF WEEDS BIOMASS AND WINTER COVER CROPS PRIOR SOYBEAN SOWING IN SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS
This study investigates the role of winter cover crops in controlling weeds within low-input and organic farming systems prior soybean sowing. Weeds are a persistent challenge in crop production, especially in organic production, requiring effective management strategies to ensure high yields, production and environmental sustainability. Traditionally, herbicides were commonly used, but growing concerns over their environmental impact have shifted the focus toward sustainable agricultural practices. The research explores the use of winter cover crops, such as rye and pea-oat mixtures, to reduce weed biomass in fields under low-input and organic farming conditions. Trials were conducted over three years in Serbia (2019-2022), the results demonstrate that cover crops significantly reduce weed biomass, with rye proving to be a strong competitor. The study highlights the potential of cover crops as an effective ecological strategy for weed management prior soybean sowing, offering benefits such as reduced herbicide use, conservation tillage, improved soil health, erosion prevention, and better long-term crop yields.
Improving Weed Control Efficiency through Remote Sensing and Proper Selection of Nozzle Type and Application Rate
This study explores the integration of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology with optimized herbicide application techniques to enhance weed control efficiency. A field trial was conducted in maize (Zea mays L.) in the 4–6 leaf stage (BBCH14-16), combining pre-treatment multispectral drone imaging with variable nozzle types and spray volumes. Weed maps generated from UAV data enabled targeted application, while deposition was measured using a fluorescent tracer and spectrophotometric analysis. Results showed that TD-ADF twin nozzles achieved the highest deposition efficiency, especially at lower spray volumes (133–155 L/ha), without compromising herbicide delivery. The study also found that reduced spray volumes can maintain or even improve deposition when paired with proper nozzle selection and application speed. Findings support the use of low-volume, precision spraying systems guided by remote sensing to reduce input costs and environmental impact, while maintaining or improving weed control efficacy. This integrative approach aligns with the goals of sustainable and precision agriculture.
Use value of weeds of the city of Mostar (Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Plants that are not the target of human cultivation are called weeds, and these plants appeared together with the development of agriculture in the prehistoric period. In addition to the numerous negative effects attributed to weeds, in the past weeds were important for surviving famine in these areas, as well as for treating certain diseases. Weed species also serve bees to collect nectar and birds and domestic animals as a source of food. A floristic survey of weed species was conducted in the area of ​​the city of Mostar (Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnia and Herzegovina) during the vegetation period of 2022 and 2023. The survey recorded 85 weed species growing in this area and classified into 21 families. A taxonomic analysis of weed species recorded in the area of ​​the city of Mostar shows the dominance of members of the Poaceae family with 31 weed species (36%). This is followed by the Asteraceae family with 15 weed species (18%), the Polygonaceae family with eight weed species (9%) and the Amaranthaceae family with seven weed species (8%), while other families are less represented. Annual plants dominate, and the spectrum of life forms is dominated by therophytes with 50 weed species (59%). According to the use value, the most numerous are weed species used for food (25%) and as medicinal plants (24%), followed by weeds used as fodder, ornamental and honey-bearing species. A larger number of weed species have more use values.
Assessing the germination response of selected species to lavender hydrolate
The present study investigates the effect of lavender hydrolate on the germination of selected cultivated and weed species. Lavender hydrolate, known for its diverse biological activities, is a byproduct of the lavender essential oil distillation process. The study examined the effects of four different lavender hydrolate concentrations (10, 20, 50, and 100%) on the germination of sunflower (Helianthus annuus), wheat (Triticum sp.), lambsquarters (Chenopodium album), and purslane (Portulaca oleracea). The findings indicate that lavender hydrolate significantly reduced the seed germination of C. album, with the germination rates being 37.25-50.98% in the case of lower concentrations. The most pronounced effects were observed for P. oleracea, in which all the concentrations significantly impaired the germination. Notably, by applying the 10, 20, 50, and 100% hydrolate solution, the germination was reduced by 78, 92, 88, and 100%, respectively. The results revealed that lavender hydrolate had a significant inhibitory effect on the germination of all the tested species, with the highest concentration showing the strongest inhibition. Statistically significant differences in the growth of the hypocotyl and epicotyl of the weed plants were observed for all the tested concentrations compared to the control. The hydrolate more effectively reduced the growth rates of the weeds than of the cultivated crops, indicating its potential as a bioherbicide, particularly at higher concentrations.
Sorghum halepense control in soybean with ATAR smart sprayer system
The ATAR smart sprayer is an innovative system created by the startup company ATAR AGTEK d.o.o., which enables precise identification and treatment of weeds and can be easily integrated on any type of sprayer. The system consists of cameras that record of the field in front of the sprayer during movement, and the images are forwarded to an advanced artificial intelligence chip that analyzes them in real time and activates the necessary nozzles in order to target and effectively treat only detected weeds. In 2023 and 2024, the precision of this system in recognition and effectiveness of conrol S. halepense from rhizomes in the soybean crop was tested in field trials. Fields with a very uneven distribution of S. halepense plants and where it was estimated that its control was justified were selected for the tests. In both trials, a clethodim based product (144 g a.i. ha-1) was applied broadcast on total area of plots, and only targeted where the presence of this weed was detected. Herbicide was applied post-emergence at stages 13-31 of BBCH scale of S. halepense and at stages 12-13 BBCH scale of soybean. In 2023, an trial was performed on large plot without repetition, while the trial in 2024 was set up according to a randomized block design with three repetitions. To confirm the effective recognition and treatment of weeds in each basic plot, 5 water-sensitive papers placed horizontaly next to the weed plants and SnapCard application was used to analyze % coverage. The most important parameter was the efficiency, that was the proportion of the number of controled weed plants 15 days after herbicide application, which was evaluated on a sample of 400 m-2 in the middle of each basic plot. Also, for each basic plot, a map of the treated parts of the plots was created and the percentage of the treated area was calculated. Analysis of water-sensitive papers confirmed that weeds were fully recognized and treated using this innovative approach. The created treatment maps confirmed that in 2023 only 19% of the total area was treated, while in 2024 that area ranged from 29-75%. These differences depended on the number and spatial distribution of weeds, but also on the setting of the required area for treatment in front of and behind the detected weeds in order to achieve maximum reliability of the system. By analyzing the number of controled and uncontroled (newly sprouted) plants from the rhizome 15 days after the application of the herbicide in the trial in 2023, the effectiveness of S. halepense control was 92.5%. In 2024 a high and approximate efficiency was achieved with all four tested treatments, i.e. at speeds of 6 and 8 km h-1 when treating the entire surface was 91.2 and 94.2%, and with spot spraying 90.8 and 93.5% at the same speeds. The obtained results confirmed that with this system is possible to achieve reliable control of S. halepense with big savings of herbicides and thus a reduced risk for non-target organisms and the environment.
In Vitro effect of angelica (Angelica archangelica L.) hydrolate on soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seed germination
Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) are one of the key agricultural crops whose germination and early growth are crucial for achieving high yields. In this study, the biostimulant potential of Angelica archangelica hydrolate, a by-product obtained during essential oil distillation, was evaluated on soybean and winter wheat seeds. Seeds were treated with hydrolate solutions of different concentrations (0,25%, 0,5%, 1%, 5%, and 10%), and germination tests were conducted under controlled laboratory conditions. Results showed that hydrolate treatments significantly increased seedling length in both crops compared to the control. The highest growth was recorded at the 10% concentration for both soybean (5,77 cm) and wheat (3,13 cm). Lower concentrations also improved growth, though with less pronounced effects. These findings confirm that A. archangelica hydrolate positively influences germination and early seedling development, suggesting its potential use as a natural biostimulant in sustainable agriculture. Since hydrolates are environmentally safe and underexplored in agricultural practice, further research under field conditions is necessary to optimize their application and fully exploit their potential in promoting plant growth.
Response of Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. populations to nicosulfuron, rimsulfuron and cycloxidim in the Bosnia and Herzegovina
Resistance of Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors has been reported worldwide, but has not previously been confirmed in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In this study, four populations were evaluated for their response to nicosulfuron, rimsulfuron, and cycloxydim using rhizome-derived plants. Resistance was assessed through a bioassay and molecular techniques based on PCR. Nicosulfuron and rimsulfuron were applied at 0.5×, 1×, 1.5×, and 2× the recommended dose, while cycloxydim was applied at recommended dose (1×). Phytotoxicity was assessed 20 days after treatment. Resistance to nicosulfuron and rimsulfuron was confirmed in two populations, whereas all tested populations remained susceptible to cycloxydim. Molecular analysis identified the Trp574-Leu mutation at frequencies of 14% and 50% in two populations. Given the extensive maize production and reliance on ALS inhibitors in weed control, early detection and the implementation of integrated weed management strategies are essential to delay and mitigate the spread of resistant johnsongrass.
Isolation, characterization, and herbicidal potential of soil actinobacteria
In laboratory conditions, the effect of 22 actinobacteria isolates from arable soil on seed germination and the growth of maize, Setaria glauca, and Sorghum halepense was examined. Suspensions of eight isolates showed varying levels of inhibitory effects on seed germination and seedling growth. Based on the screening results, five actinobacterial isolates exhibited strong inhibition of one or both weed species, with minimal negative impact on maize. The SI I isolate was identified as the best candidate for further testing because the inhibition for maize was less than 18%, while it exceeded 81% for the weeds.
Maintenance measures as a factor of weed control in urban lawns
A well-established lawn is an easy-to-maintain. Well maintained lawn is easy to manage. Also, this lawn is much cheaper to maintain, the savings are noticeable. For companies, cities, districts and states, this way of working and planning contributes to savings in the budget. The presence of weeds in a well-established lawn in not quickly noticed, and the application of adequate maintenance measures prolongs the need for weed control. The application of certain measures of care and maintenance is postponed for a long period, as is their frequency of implementation. In addition to the economic profit, the benefits from the application of proper establishing and maintenance are both aesthetic and ecological.
Soil weed seed bank in the function of biodiversity
The effect of intensive agricultural practises on weed composition is well described for the aboveground flora, but less research has been done on how the impact might affect the soil weed seed bank. For this reason, during three years (2014-2017), the soil was sampled and the number of weed seeds in the soil was estimated by eight different management systems: (i) monoculture of maize, winter wheat and soybean, (ii) 2-year crop rotation (maize - winter wheat) with and without application of mineral fertilizer, (iii) 3-year crop rotation (maize - winter wheat - soybean) with mineral fertilizer, with manure and without application of fertilizer. The estimated soil weed seed bank was used to calculate the α and β diversity indices and determine the diversity, richness and uniformity of the weed community. The diversity indices confirmed that the diversity of the weed community is influenced by the strategy of crop rotation and the type of fertilization, that in the monoculture of winter wheat the diversity, the number of dominant weed species and the uniformity od weed community are the lowest, while in the 3-year crop rotation with mineral fertilization it is the richest biodiversity and weed community uniformity
Nozzle type and adjuvant selection influence on nicosulfuron efficacy on some common weeds in maize (Zea mays L.)
The field experiment was conducted during 2021 and 2022 at the Maize Research Institute Zemun Polje, Zemun Polje in Serbia. The goal of this study was to evaluate the influence of adjuvants and nozzle types on the efficacy of two herbicides based on the same active ingredient - nicosulfuron. The study was arranged as a split-block design in four replication with 12 treatments plus weed-free as well as weedy season long treatments. 21 day after treatment (DAT) weeds were sampled and both fresh as well as dry biomas were measured (only dry biomass showed). Visual estimation of efficacy was assessed 7, 14 and 21 DAT. Among all treatments no differences between herbicides were observed. In addition, treatments with AMS caused a rapid decrease of efficacy compared to treatments with non-ionic surfactant (NIS) adjuvant where the efficacy was increased and where it lead to faster weed decay. By dry biomass reduction, all factors had statistically very significant impact both as individual and in mutual interaction, on the resaults except on Bilderdykia convolvulus where nozzle impact was not statistically signifiacant.
In vitro evaluation of antifungal activity of Artemisia species essential oils (A. absinthium, A. dracunculus and A. vulgaris)
Due to the trend to reduce the use of synthetic pesticides and the increasing attention to environmental protection, research in the field of allelopathy, especially allelochemicals that can be used for the synthesis of biopesticides, has been intensified in recent decades. The genus Artemisia belongs to the family Asteraceae and includes a large number of aromatic and weedy species (about 500), which are known as a significant source of biologically active compounds characterized by allelopathic effects. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of essential oils from three species of the genus Artemisia (A. absinthium, A. dracunculus and A. vulgaris) on the mycelial growth of different isolates of the phytopathogenic fungus Colletotrichum orbiculare, the causal agent of anthracnose of Cucurbitaceae hosts in vitro. The antifungal activity of the essential oils in in vitro tests was determined using the disc volatilisation method. The essential oils were applied directly in amounts of: 1, 5, 10, 15 and 20 µl for A. dracunculus and A. vulgaris, i.e. 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 µl for A. absinthium. The average IC50 values were 4.36, 7.12 and 17.63 µl ml-1 of air phase for A. vulgaris, A. dracunculus and A. absinthium, respectively. According to the IC50 values obtained, the essential oil of A. vulgaris showed the strongest antifungal potential, while the essential oil of A. absinthium showed the weakest inhibitory effect.
Raman specroscopy as appropriate tool for chemical discrimination of wild hemp oil seed samples
Wild hemp (Cannabis sativa L. ssp. sativa var. spontanea Vavilov), as a whole plant, especially its seeds are highly valued, with significant place in the production of oil-based paints, in creams as a moisturizer, for cooking, animal and bird feed. This work represents an innovative report focused on the evaluation of the phytochemical composition of wild hemp seeds grown in two different locations in Serbia, using Raman microspectroscopy in combination with multivariate data analysis. Some significant differences were found between the analyzed oil samples in terms of chemical profile. The Raman spectra of the wild hemp seed samples indicate the predominance of unsaturated (1657 and 1268 cm-1), then saturated fatty acids (1443, 1306 and 1084 cm-1) and fatty acid esters (1745 cm-1) due to the higher intensity of the bands. The relative intensities of these bands may indicate that the seed oil of wild hemp from two different locations differs in the content of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids, as shown by the differences in the relative intensities of 1657 and 1268 cm−1.
A contribution to the knowledge of the distribution of some invasive plant species in Sarajevo Canton
During the three-year field research (2019-2022) in the area of Sarajevo Canton, we discovered many invasive plant species in localities where take had not been recorded before. Among them, Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle, Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., Armoracia rusticiana Gaertn., Mey et Scherb. and Reynoutria japonica Houtt. stand out in particular due to their abundance and coverage. This study aimed to provide data on the localities where these invasive plants were found, including altitude, longitude and latitude, soil type and their floristic and phytocenotic features. The data from these localities should contribute to the creation of a database that can be used for more efficient fight against the aforementioned invasive species. In total, 42 new localities were recorded for Ailanthus altissima, 10 for Ambrosia artemisiifolia, 5 for Armoracia rusticiana and 15 for Reynoutria japonica. Due to their abundance and appearance, Ailanthus altissima and Reynoutria japonica have already become a big problem for urban horiculture in Sarajevo, while the Ambrosia artemisiifolia poses a healt concern, and therefore, urgent measures and necessary to remove them.
Stellaria media (L.) Vill. (common chickweed) - strong or weak competitor in the autumn and early-spring sown crops?
<!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--> <!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true" DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99" LatentStyleCount="267"> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 10]> <![endif]--> Because of its ability to produce large numbers of seeds under cool temperatures, S. media rapidly colonizes any cool, moist area before winter or spring crops can become competitive. It is most commonly a weed in many crops in temperate and subarctic climates, where it is often one of the ﬁrst weeds to appear in spring. S. media is one of the most common weeds in spring and winter cereal stands, the most frequent weed in winter oilseed and peas, highly competitive weed in seedling alfalfa, serious weed in citrus, one of the prevailing weeds in strawberry, and one of the most frequent weed species present in conventional sugar beet. It is a principal weed problem in vegetable production and in gardens and turf in almost every country in temperate part of the world. From the other side, in comparative trials of weed competition and yield suppression in many crops, S. media was found to be less competitive than Avena fatua, Alopecurus myosuroides, Raphanus raphanistrum, Polygonum persicaria, Chenopodium album, Galium aparine and many others weeds. In trials in autumn and early-spring sown crops and established crop plants, such as established alfalfa, S. media was found to be minor competitors, unless present at high densities. The actual competitive effect and associated yield reduction caused by S. media will depend on a number of factors, including time of emergence in relation to the crop. S. media displays vigorous early growth and will cause the greatest yield losses when it emerges at the same time or before the crop. It is also a highly plastic species, meaning that early establishment and resource capture will result in larger more competitive individuals.
MULCH STRATEGIES FOR WEED MANAGEMENT IN PEPPERMINT (MENTHA PIPERITA) CULTIVATION
Basic characteristics of different mulching materials and the most important characteristics (number and biomass) of weed that managed to penetrate the mulch barriers are presented in this paper. The study examined 9 organic mulches (straw, pine bark, acacia sawdust, cardboard, dry pine needles, shredded corn stalks, acacia bark, plant composts 1 and 2), 1 biodegradable mulch (black mulch film), and 4 plastic mulch films (silver-black, perforated black, black, black "agrotextile") tested on peppermint (Mentha x piperita) in Serbia. The most numerous recorded weeds were Agropyron repens, Avena fatua, Picris hieracioides, Setaria viridis, and Rumex crispus. The number and biomass of all weed species were measured once per season, before the first harvest of peppermint. Compared to the control treatment, 12 out of 14 applied mulches used for weed control showed positive effects on peppermint. The mulches affected the occurrence (reduction from 9.7% to 100%) and biomass of weeds (reduction from 30% to 100%). Four mulches were assessed as good solutions for weed control in peppermint, namely two organic: acacia sawdust and dry pine needles, and two films: silver-brown and black "agrotextile".
Allelopathic potential of the plant extract from the stem of Cuscuta campestris Yunck.
Allelopathic processes involve interactions between living organisms that take place via secondary metabolites (allelochemicals). Cuscuta species are known for their large production of chemical compounds characterized by various biological activities. The aim of this study was to test the allelopathic effects of the plant extracts isolated from stem of Cuscuta campestris on the germination and early seedling growth of two weed species (Amaranthus retroflexus and Portulaca oleracea). Additionally, the goals were to also conduct an analysis of the plant extracts and determine its antioxidant properties. The chemical analysis showed that obtained plant extract is a rich source of phenolic compounds. HPLC analysis separated by content the following compounds: quercetin (5.62 mg/g), catechin (3.71 mg/g), diadzin (2.85 mg/g), luteolin (1.82 mg/g), and rutin (1.16 mg/g). In addition, higher concentrations (0.75% and 1%) of the plant extract of this parasitic flower had an inhibitory effect on the germination and early growth of A. retroflexus and P. oleracea seeds. A. retroflexus proved to be a more sensitive test plant compared to P. oleraceae, which is confirmed by the inhibition percentages of seed germination of 88% (A. retroflexus) and 8% (P. oleraceae), i.e. the inhibition of seedling growth was 77% (A. retroflexus), or 70% (P. oleraceae). Future research must include plant biossay trials as well as field microtrials to determine allelopathic effects on weed species.
The effect of two different herbicides on the weed flora in soybean
<!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true" DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99" LatentStyleCount="267"> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 10]> <![endif]--> This study aimed to determine the weed species diversity in the soybean crop at two localities in the Republic of Serbia and assess the efficacy of bentazone and imazamox. Results demonstrated high to satisfactory efficacy of the both studied herbicides in the control of a variety of broadleaf weeds, as well as the grassy weeds in case of imazamox, with slight variations in the efficacy observed among the specific weed species. No phytotoxic effects were observed, while the studied herbicides had the same efficacy as the standards. It is recommended to combine these herbicides in a tank-mix in order to broaden the spectrum of the weed control and mitigate resistance issues, given their different modes of action.
Contribution to phytocoenology and ecological relations of ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiiflia L.) in Canton Sarajevo
Ragweed is neophyte which inhabits various cultures and ruderal habitats. That is reason why this paper is dedicated to phytocoenology and ecological relations of ragweed in a such habitat. The research was carried out in the area of former railway freight and custom terminal, in period from 2021 to 2023. Phytocoenological image was made and all the parameters were done: life form, phytocoenological affiliation, floral elements, indicator values and soil analysis. The aim of the paper is to present the places where ragweed occurs, as well as under what ecological conditions and with what other species. This research yielded new data on the phytocoenology of ragweed, determined in the vegetation of the order Chenopodietalia. A total of 69 species from 23 families were indentified in the vegetation. The most numerous of Asteraceae family. Phytocoenologically, the largest number of species belongs to the order Chenopodietalia, and as far as the indicator values are concerned, the most numerous are representatives of tertiary vegetation. Hemicryptophytes predominate in life forms, and concerning the floral elements, 40 different elements from 9 groups were noted. The most numeros group is Eurasian, and the most numerous individal floral elements are euras-smed and eurassubozean-smed.
Floristic analysis of weed flora in vegetable under organic production
The analysis of the weed flora in the vegetable in the village of Trmčare revealed the presence of a total of 44 weed species [23 weed, 19 weed-ruderal, 1 ruderal and 1 weed of meadows and pastures]. The recorded weed flora is dominated by representatives of the class Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons, broad-leaved weeds) with 38 species, while only six species are present from the class Liliopsida (monocotyledons, narrow-leaved weeds). The analysis of weed life forms in raspberry plantations shows a dominance of therophytes (70,45%) compared to geophytes (13,64%), while hemicrypthophytes (11,36%) and thero-hemicrypthophytes only 4,55%. The number of weeds was not high, because inter-row cultivation was done every ten to fifteen days, and weeds were manually removed in the rows, around the plants. Regardless of the mechanical removal of weeds, the diversity of the weed flora was not negligible. In all observed vegetable under organic production, the most frequent winter weeds were: Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz., Poa annua L., Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill., Veronica persica Poir., Cerastium glomeratum Thuill., Lamium purpureum L. From early spring weeds the most frequent were present Chenopodium polyspermum L., Polygonum lapathifolium L., Polygonum persicaria L., Polygonum convolvulus L, Galium aparine L., and of the late spring weeds were most often present Chenopodium album L., Amaranthus retroflexus L., Amaranthus hybridus L., Setaria viridis (L.) P. B., Hibiscus trionum L., Portulaca oleracea L. Key words: vegetable, organic production, weed flora, broad-leaved weeds, narrow-leaved weeds
PARAQUAT AND OTHER DESSICANT AND BLEACHING HERBICIDES – THEIR INFLUENCE ON WEEDS, CROP PLANTS AND HUMAN AND ANIMAL HEALTH
The paper provides an overview of various aspects of desiccants and bleaching herbicides, from various chemical groups, which have in common the drying and bleaching of leaf mass. In weed plants, they can act as total or selective herbicides, and applied in the mature stages of the crop, by drying the leaf mass, they promote the maturation of some important crops (sunflower, soybeans, potatoes). More or less, all these various herbicides are highly or significantly toxic, which greatly complicates their application. In the EU, there was an initiative to ban some of them (eg Paraquat). However, we are of the opinion that despite their significant toxicity, they should be considered as an alternative to some other herbicides.
Correction: The effect of the year on the steppe peony´s morphological and ornamental traits (Vol 32, No 1, p. 65-72, 2023)
<!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--> <!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true" DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99" LatentStyleCount="267"> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 10]> <![endif]--> The Editorial Board of “Acta herbologica” journal, in agreement with authors (Prijić Željana, Marković Tatjana, Radanović Dragoja, Jingqi Xue, Xiuxin Zhang, Gordanić Stefan, Mikić Sara, Dragumilo Ana, Čutović Natalija, Batinić Petar) of the paper “The effect of the year on the steppe peony´s morphological and ornamental traits” (Vol 32, No 1, p. 65-72, 2023) who pointed out the technical errors that occurred after the paper was published, made the decision to do the necessary corrections in accordance with the prescribed procedure. We apologize the authors for errors that occurred in published paper and thank them for assistance in detecting them. According to that, the appropriate correction was made.
Application of the herbicide combination tritosulfuron and florasulam by unmanned aerial vehicle in the winter wheat
Wheat is one of the most important agricultural crops in the world used in human nutrition. Depending on the level of weediness, weedy plants can lead to significant yield losses, which according to some estimates are up to 10% worldwide. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are widely used in chemical crop protection, but so far the effectiveness of herbicides applied by UAVs has not been sufficiently studied. The aim of this work was to investigate the possibility of using an UAVs for the application of the herbicide combination tritosulfuron and florasulam in the protection of wheat from weeds. The effectiveness of the mentioned combination of herbicides was tested in the case of application of a low volume of treating by UAV, as well as by means of a field sprayer. Combination of herbicides tritosulfuron and florasulam applied by UAV (volume rate 30 l ha-1) showed high efficiency in controlling the weed species Capsella bursa-pastoris, Lactuca serriola, Sinapis arvensis and Viola arvensis while the efficiency of the same combination was lower in the case of application with a field sprayer. Based on the results of the experiment, which indicated the good effectiveness of the herbicide, we can conclude that from the aspect of successful protection of wheat from weeds, the use of UAV is fully justified.
NICOSULFURON PHYTOTOXICITY ON VEGETATIVE PARAMETERS AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF BEAN (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS L.)
Nicosulfuron (C15H18N6O6S) is a selective, translocating herbicide from the chemical group of sulfonylureas, which represent one of the most commonly applied groups of herbicides, especially in field plants. The aim of the work was to examine the effect of simulated drift of nicosulfuron on the bean crop, and that effect was monitored through vegetative parameters and yield components. The experiment was carried out in 2020 on the experimental field of the Research and Development Institute "Tamiš", in Pančevo (Vojvodina, Serbia). Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), Galeb variety, were used for testing. Five treatments (five different concentration of nicosulfuron) were included in this trial, namely: 10%, 5%, 2,5%, 1,25%, 0,62% of the recommended amount of application and a control treatment (without the application of the active substance). The obtained results showed that there were no significant differences in the height of the bean plants between the treatments, but the treatment with the lowest concentration of nicosulfuron (0.62%) had a hormesis effect. It was observed that with an increase in the amount of nicosulfuron applied, the number of side branches and grain yield per m2 decreased, but the differences obtained between the treatments were not statistically significant. Significant differences compared to the control were recorded only in the number of pods, when nicosulfuron was applied in a concentration of 10% of the recommended dose. The obtained results are significant from the point of view of practical agricultural production because the drift of herbicide working liquid is a frequent phenomenon in practice, so it is important to know the potential unwanted effects on the neighboring, non-target crop.
The effect of reduced application of herbicides and mechanical measures on the fresh above-ground mass of broadleaf weeds in the soybean crop
In May 2020, the European Commission announced the strategy “Farm to Fork”, in which one of the aim is to reduce the use of pesticides by 50% by 2030. The adoption of band application of herbicides, combined with mechanical measures, may contribute to achieve this goal. The aim of the study was to determine whether reducing application of herbicides by applying 50% of the recommended label rates in combination with an inter-row cultivation can result in satisfactory weed control in soybean. In the experiment, pre-emergence and post-emergence herbicides were applied using the broadcast and band application of herbicides with and without inter-row cultivation. Inter-row cultivation was applied one week after the first and second post-emergence application. Herbicides were applied with a backpack sprayer with compressed CO2 nozzles TeeJet XR 11002 (for broadcast application) and TP 4002 E (for 25 cm wide band application), 200 L ha-1 of water and a pressure of 2 bar. Using the band application of herbicides with inter-row cultivation achieved a reduction in the above-ground frash mass of weeds. There were no statistically significant differences between individual band application treatments of herbicides compared to the broadcast application of herbicide treatments.
Floristic composition and management of vegetation cover in organic vineyard
In the organic cultivation of the Panonia grape variety in the Belgrade vine region, the vegetation cover in the vineyard is maintained with minimal intervention. It consists of spontaneous flora with occasional reseeding of grass and legume species. This study examined the composition of the vegetation cover after two years of irrigation at 50% and 100% of ETc (crop evapotranspiration) and compared it to a non-irrigated area. Irrigation was applied in 2021 and 2022, and floristic composition was recorded in spring 2023. It was found that the weed flora in the organically managed vineyards consists predominantly of hemicryptophytes and therophytes (mainly biennial and perennial species from the hemicryptophyte group). This indicates that the weed flora tends towards a weed-ruderal-meadow character in terms of floristic composition. In contrast to the flora life spectrum, the vegetation life spectrum provides a somewhat more realistic picture. Quantitatively (in terms of the number of individuals per unit area), biennial and annual species dominate, and the community is characterised as therophytic-hemicryptophytic.
Comparative study of the micromorphological and anatomical characteristics of two Artemisia species
The genus Artemisia has attracted great interest from plant researchers because of chemical composition and the biological diversity of its species. The aim of this study was to investigate general anatomical features of the vegetative organs of two species of the genus Artemisia (A. vulgaris and A. absinthium) that could be of taxonomic value and potentialy relevant to the production of secondary metabolites. In this study transverse sections of leaves, stems and roots were prepared and microslides were obrerved under the light microscope. The main anatomical difference between these two species is reflected in the presence of trichomes. T-shaped non-glandular trichomes are present on both sides of the leaf epidermis, and on the stem surfaces in both species. However, much fewer glandular trichomes were observed in A. vulgaris than in A. absinthium, which may indicate lower production of secondary metabolites, especially volatiles.
Two decades of herbicide-tolerant crops in the Republic of Serbia
Breeding of herbicide-tolerant crops in Serbia has been going on for almost three decades, and the tradition of growing it for two decades. In Serbia it is allowed to grow crops tolerant to certain herbicides that have been obtained by classic breeding methods without the use of genetic engineering. These are sunflower, oilseed rape and sugar beet tolerant to some ALS inhibitors, and maize tolerant to cycloxydim. With the exception of sunflower tolerant to tribenuron-methyl and imidazolinones, which occupies over 80% of the area under this crop in the Republic of Serbia, other herbicide-tolerant crops are represented on smaller areas (1-17%). The potential of these crops is often not used in the best way, and the main challenge and threat are weeds resistant to herbicides to which these crops are tolerant. A big problem for the sustainability of growing these crops in Serbia is that the growers of these crops rely mainly on herbicides to which they are tolerant, neglecting other measures in integrated weed control. In order to preserve these resources as part of an integrated weed management, it is necessary to improve the level of knowledge of producers about the best practices of growing these crops, their advantages and risks. As a double-edged sword, herbicide-tolerant crops allow farmers to improve the rotation of herbicides with different mechanisms of action and the control of certain herbicide-resistant weeds, but they can also lead to overuse of herbicides to which they are tolerant and influence the selection of resistant weeds and shift of weed flora. flora. Herbicides and herbicide-tolerant crops are very important resources of modern crop production, but only as part of integrated weed managament and without excessive reliance on these crops and herbicides to which they are tolerant.